https://digitallis.isg.siue.edu/files/original/1b2eca3d97643eccdd4f741f94d5da5b.pdf 06f049679a071232c73885d958d7ca8d PDF Text Text V ~ I C ~ PTER V: A • ice a motherless ch·1a, Somet· es I fee lnn~ ~ ra s from hor1e; A lone; 1-mys from home . ---Afro - rrerican Sn · ri t, - 1 I OV i'RVIE ,J ~r~ r-~1s~·uption of chronology will be r1ore evident • in this chanter because urPceding ones . This is so alw,,ys a chieve* ame age do not N uoets oj_.he th n in reco1sni tion at the sa.r1.e time We hnve 1ooked t James eJ don Johneoon , mention him a ,ain in thieo for exqmpl e , b t we - ch2nter. In fnct--for reasons to be s O'm- - ,J 0 hnson overRh"'do rn alr,1ost the whole of BJ, ck noet,,.""r • and ·ur-)1e /\., S,,J 7 en , ,.., Melvin B. before ..ill be ViA•idd afte t- t;hem in ~e Ro st -fanaj_ s nee period . Since the primar, airi. of this st d is to "cite" the r1ost names and events in the n0velonment of BJr c ro ch to t~i s chanter Jill follo1 0 oetry , the others in - criticism -r.ill remain minimal , a, _J .s ~,Joml ""Orts-- oft he rorld . A..,nraisals of Black 1)0Atry, tl-ien, become a bit more diffic1lt since the Pl" c, noet c15r] ,,, 6 h21ro Pl[>ck iritA 'f! ~ u1n F"' til the second dnc de o f t o 20th centur, s 8een ar somewh t " CCQ,;JS ta either dt;\ to n f' '"' TI °'- "frgplr ntil the 19h() 1 s , ho.d very ~ e arnrr11ent 8 clc • not,., . '710 Ie :nt")t0rci~11s ta to fir,ht criti c,,1 or literary 11 J.ynchings . '1 bee t 1 .• ·J Jadtb 01 rith s he hich rJodels 1 ere ec-se ti 1 1 a, ,e,- co t · nue In tr.e ~9~0 1 ~ "exotic" esc'"' e ro ·ter- ~ '~), - (Yr•ecl "nd �~,; t1'rjlloeking whites ,-..:. o 11 en o_;age their ne·r Freudian a m ~ and forl-_get the horrors of the war . .___,, skj 71s uere often ~ 11 In the nost - nenaissc1.nce l • a;a. dire ted to mrds V'!lliii• intei:;ration '"'nd ,., v"'rious '\soc1_al nror-r ams . •1 is annroa.ch~~~ftBn scientifc and fiact - finding . The most incisiv0 and contin al b~pw to the Blac~ is a disresnect and rejecti0n the aener'"'l d:lli"eatmmt of BlGcks . Q.u120 parPllel' oet BJ::>ck ,-. ~ riticis~ of . noetrv is invariably politic81 snd !''lCial in connorn - -,i1Jst as most of -sb.C' _ oetry is' forcPd to be. Some poets ] Pment this- .....t'" J(ff •• rotest and ,., ger are the ·who le range of h :rrJan beh,.,v:i or is someho,-r m:l!ttLXlffMa.H. Dlaced off-limits to the 1 "-., bl H\1i~ I ~ critj_c1zed/\ 1'or not bejng :universe ] Afro-American poet I 11 for not being " 0 lack 11 P11.0 1.1ali. l'le 0 dless to sa;r, it i 8 r, di101rn"l.8 of "'Omo magn::i.t 1do ?nd no amount of -ilJ anr,1 ~oJvc it her • VJe d0 the P.J "Cl~ o'T'lment on oets: fro-rn this period on in our st, ords or Jamentations -1;1-,erc r1Ptt0rs , tho 1P-)1, oy_ Tn trd s ~v ns , Lenee i effArs , 0 RusRe]l "" ~ ) Atlrins ,,.._Pnd oth0rs) nere p blishino_; in . _ 196n b 1t <'lid no-s brine,: 0 11 t Ariod::icPJs befo~c sinvle voh1 es lP1.til then. Like-Fise �C /Jj)fa. o c.vi,iov J.;Ld/AJ - - ~/\ ,d '"• ... I<. Mo. .t '1 L In 1910 the population of I Black America was 9,827,763; Langston Hughes was a boy of ten and the NAACP was one year old. By 1930, however, the Black population would have increased to 11,891,143 (or 9.7 %); a major migration of Blacks to northern industrial centers would have taken place; racial riots would have scorched more than half a dozen American cities; the country would have engaged in and ended its first national war, and lynchings would continue to be among the most fearful prospects for Black r:ien . Booker T. Washington bad chronicled the hardships and bitter disappointments of Blacks in his Up From Slavery. The new 11 freedom 11 was short lived and illusive, Washington observed, because the ex-slave had no skill, no land and no place to go . '~mancipated" Blacks were not farin g much better than their fore-parents. DuBois had begun to raise some of the broader, global issues of Black oppression and •place the Black Experience in its proper perspective in The Souls of Black Folks. During the second and third 60 I �j II ., I l_, decades of the 20th Century, Black scholars, activists and writers continued to record the Black Experience with telling 1"'5Uncr accuracy and drama. L~ague;- '"the"' A~ssociation ng'ot 'the 'tbe trr1:ran , r the Study ..cr: ,/;;~~gro Life and .,, ~#f \ /)JJJ,, ..,1:.-P History (Carter G. Woodson, j ~A.;_~;!', 926).4P,;,The Crisis and Opportunity .-; -..;P magazines, the literary jou~ , Fire; the flourishing and • , -- ! prominence of ragtime ~itf~early ,~ z , the development of ,, I Black operetas and, ~sicals--all h . # \ and the Black t~inds of the times. . ~ ..tl" ped establish the mood \ I e three publications-;.. ~ ~ was sh9it-lived--published some o:f\ the most important \ Black J:M;,;;rature o:f the Awaken~n1,1 and _o~re<j. a)'ai,d;, ea in) ce~if ves to writers. On the general American scene, science and industry were developing rapidly. Indications of this were the radio, wireless, technological warfare and the automob ile. The ttnew Psychology" was taking hold and the realis m of the previous literature was bowing out to naturalism. This new mode is seen in the works of such writers as Theodore Drieser, Evelyn Scott and William Faulkner. Interest in local color and dialect, which had domi nated the later portion of the 19th Century , was also dying and the Black American was "re-discovered" by white writers as a H1'e± a1:r ~ · for realistic fiction, drama a nd poetry. White writers-Jo pu lished popular accounts of Black life included DeBose Hayward, Sherwood Anderson and Carl Van Vecbten. Revolts in interests and manners characterized American society . Black crit c James A. Ema nuel points out (Negr_£ 61 1 �as enviable but mysterious primitives, s~vages and .,.. Popular accounts of Black lif~, were written by .,, 11 known white writers iqcluding DuBose Heyward, ~ Anderson, and ·Euge~~ O'neill. I ; l It against th~ae and other myriad pressures and \ _ y,"t'I' \'~ \ \.J w---:~~.:..:-._:t:,:b~at. the Rl:1ick. ,A~aket;ti_ng o;f. th~ l920'.-~ took place. I [Add!;ional~;~- a n~~b:~- of ch:ng~s and _,dev~lopm:nts in Bla~k communities set off a chain reaction of cross-examinations, intense debates1 calls for changes and the charting of new directions. Accordingly, the student must understand the ~ood of the times in terms of: 1. 2. 6. 7. 8. The decline of Dunbar's influence among poets Failing su~port of Booker T. Washington's "accomadationist' philosophy. The continued disillusionmen~of survivors and heirs of the "Reconstructionf~ The development of white hate and intimidation groups (Ku Klux Klan, etc.). The continued presentation of "stereotypes" of Blacks in the mass media and creative literature of the period. The ".Jim Crow" laws of the south; job discrimination and general segregation in the north. The splits and confusion in the Black community due to the "new" middleclass; the appearance of West Indians in America and class alignment according to color stratification (i.e., lightskin, dark-skin, near-white, etc.). Much of the literature of the period deals with the theme of passing or miscegenation. { I n t e 1 e s ~ e ~ ~ " ' ! :t'rltt'""mt!t!'rf "'ffi.'a"t§Tlffi'r'• ·~tr-"tl'.f'hf Stld j'€b"t ffi? Mre ~i:11·~s~~i&B'i~~Uffl!~~~~~~""'-. Race riots in various parts of the country between 1905 and 1917. ~--, ~ ~ ~'(l!/.1ifl"1''" ''''- \~Jt~l1ere were "negatives fl . -~wwi;u·n·~·ve impetus to the ~ ~ ~~~, -~'t~ ' • - • '.,~,?- approaching rev9;J,.,~ -"'~ff la.c'R'.... ~o.a.,eJ.._Jand literary circles, ~. ~,4;j: , there J,j,~,.<M'also "positives." ""'~~~;.:4'< '!'-i.t~~,.';•,i;,...h ,._.. �, I I , Digest/Black World, Aug., 1969) that during the 20 1 s, many whites went to Har em to "forget the war and engage t eir new Freud an awareness by escaping into exotic black cabaret life." Hughes records this exot c indulgence in his auto- biography, The Big Sea (1940). Numerous other Black writers dcKay in A Long Way from recorded these white 'diversions": Home and Johnson in Along This Way (autobiographies). .. also Johnson · in his novel In tl1e • ,D rarila of the peri"od was dominated~~ by Eugene O'neill{lffwho ............... • ---- The Emperor Jones and All God's Chillun Got Wings featured major Black characters._. America had niSJ' efore a first~rate dramatist. ------- o•nei l, tJ~:la ib eodia- pro uced Ironically, t olgh, one of the vehicles for O neill's ~~••was a Black actor, Charles Gilpin, who starred in The Emperor Jones. �/ ,,, I ' with the exotic trend that had continued from Jack London (The Call of the Wild, The Sea~volf) and the white writers of local color: Page, Cable and others. IQiil. Shan~~ Harris, However, many of the writers, e@ rbhe !'OI i:ul" like 0 1 neill and Dreiser, had begun to shake off the mystique of the American Dream and deal instead with "illusion. '7 Such was Drieser 1 s theme in his novel, An American Tragedy (1925). The founding of Poetry: A Magazine 0~ Ver~e, by Harriet Monroe (1912) signaled the birth of the New Poetry movement in America. Most of the new work, including that of the Imagist poets, was showcased in Poetry. In 1915, the anthology, Some Imagist Poets, appeared to rival dissident factio~~,Jh!c?~~~ted to dispense with traditional forms. Imagism a u s ~ • E'lra Pound's theories and • French Symbolism as well as Oriental and ancient Greek poetry. Chief spokesman for the Imagist poets was Amy Lowell who was joined by John Gould Fletcher and Hilda Doolittle, among others. During the next two decades the group waged a successful battle against the dissidents; but they also re-worked traditional forms and cornered a new reading. market for poetrr.4-n America and England. e_!:.J:l tF tu • iee ,O"f~achael Lindsay, ~vocate of~th11 and the reading aloud of poetry,...- is credited with having 63 «i1 �, 7 ndiscovered 11 Langston Hughes. Blac~oets who participated• ~~141, .. , in this "revival tr of . American poetry r.,., ..,j_ ereA enton Johnson and~m,,uw!t-ct.iMJ William Stanley Braithwaite. The most significant development of the period, however, was the Black cultural flowering, principally in Harlem, which has become known as the Harlem Renaissance, the Negro Awakening and the Negro Renaissance. Central to the 7enaissance 11 (critics differ over whether it should be called such) was the migration of southern Blacks to nort ern ,.ban centers. With the working-class Blacks also ca~~~ack intelligentsia, artists and activists. Current Black creativity or scholarship cannot be understood unless the Harlem Renaissance is placed in proper perspective because the Harlem period is the most important bridge existing between slavery and the modern and/or contemporary eras. ( 4€,. .A., ; and second decades of this century, ~-~ ~ n 11 and prospects of the "Reconst /';,,' loose hold on Black Amerj.,eans just as the ~· American Dream s diminishing among t-l· declining influence , ny whites. The Dunbar (am~rlg poets), Booker T. Washington and submissive s~type of Black leadership, ., I' allowed room for experim~n'tatio -~and new voices. Most Black poets discarde.d 'plantation dia""hects and senti111ental themes. to America Marcus flarvey, in 1916 and '\.iho founded the Universal Negro ''Ii· ,, Assoc.j.a"tion, had reached the height of' ,,/ ~2. Considered the most influential 20th Century 64 by ack �I l "' . 1 ·f f'· ¥" ' A ..vvQ,~ ' / I r.., tfe l·l./('...Q- i )t .,W .,.,,,.,,iQ~1;,.~ ~ ~-~ wt,_ ••ice i,e sketch out tqe impRrtant ~litical and artistic (C"'l-fePJ;it,.JW .{l.u.,,~ developments whicn led'bp toAthe( enaissa::;. A partial listing of these developments ~PIM~include: I. Founding of tbe Boston Guardian by Monroe Trotter 2. Founding of the National Association f<;lr. ~ . , .,,,,./.. r,_, ... , Advancement of Colored People ( 1909) tJ-~4,fl~v,,,,ci:4, Founding of the Urban League (1911). Vo Founding of tbe Association for the Study of Negro Life and History by Carter G. Woodson 3. 4. _5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. (1901). (191.5). Establishment of Tbe Journal of Negro History _ 1 11 by Woodson (1916). - · . ., . · ·· ·" -..,,,,_!ln1t'!-W,,n,1i-,f, Black troops · in World War I.(sbadents&!a """--~,......, "'/ .QoU:gl!~ Et, m~tHf~!'l 1'!~!"]Sililti::¥eJ!, ~-~ &a•~~~l~~~ • , .. Great Migration of Blacks to northern urban A . centers (1916-1919; but,,~be )imq ~ntinued '!~f/t~<l"'-~ · w.t1 tu the ~4 ■ @ntJrj s ~ . t'J.'4 71.N t . . ~ . u The recording of Black achievements in a'k. areas; Black scholarship is brilliant and sustained throughout the entire period. The writings, especially, of W,iE.B. Dul;>o.i~;; Ch~rles . S. Johnson, 11111M.- Alain Locke~ J-A.t,~ W~~.w)UifV The high point in the influence of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (Garvey, who came to the U.S. from Jamaica in 1916, preached a back-to-Africa movement. He was imprisoned in 192.5 for mail fraud.) Founding of Opportunity, A Journal of Negro Life (1923; Opportunity-..t2,_ublished much of the new~ ,...,.~~,~"' work of the Renaissance -p~s-ana.- pros-e- wi~I'ters and offered annual prizes.). The flourishing of Black Music and musical dramas (Noble Sissle and Eubie Blake do Shuffle Along, 1921; Louis Armstrong , with bis own band, opens at the Sunset Club, Chicago, 1927; Duke Ellington opens at the Cotton Club, Harlem, the same year.). The post-war Pan-African Congresses (Paris, 1919; London, 1921, 1923; New York, 1927; DuBois was primary organizer.:)=oil? the Meet· ;gg ,) --- T h e s ~ some of the highlights of t h e ~ b . . . Q u t at least a passing kno I . "" ,. ..,_ -~ ' , the student will not _ ....,...,,,_... ---...-._, be able to,slfl~:~°-~•<11:t;h:e""'poets of the Awakening *~ ....'il~,,,.,.1t,'9 " . . ·""" 76 ~~-2.~_:_ �;/ on \_:ames,., V Weldon .Johnson edited the first/( anthology of • Black Poetry, The Book of American Negro Poetrri1.922I • .Johnson's work was followed in quick successioli~y five • other' poetry anthologie~ Negro Poets and Their Poems (Robert Thoms Kerlin, 1923) AnAnthologt of American Negro Verse (Ne an Ivey White and Wa ter Cl1nton .Jackson, 1924) Negro Sonfls: An Anthologi ( Clement Wood, 1924) Caroling usk (Countee Cu len, 1927) Four Negro Poets (Alain Locke, 1927) Of not~a so was F.F. Calverto n 1 s An Anthology of American egro Literature (1929) which contained 60 pages of poetry. Cullen and Locke were t:t/o of the major fi gures of the Harlem Renaissance . along with Claude HcKay, .Johnson, Hughes, and .Jean Toomer. Locke edited the anthology which heralded and chronicled the new Black mood and achievements: The New fogro: An Interpretation (1925), which remains a classic today. He also wrote the equally important A Decade of egro Self Expression (1928). ~bodes Scholar from Pennsylvania, Locke received a Ph.D. in 1918 fro m Harvard and is still considered as the foremost interpreter of Black creativity of the Renaissance. Cullen published Color, his first book of poetry, when he was 22 and was instantly recognized as one of the best young poets in America. 65 �I ; I .Cr,,.~.~.-~.· ~ . ·~ i!il ~ . . t i k r ..( , t ~-?tiSW<~O!WC ~ ~ Q - ~ ~ .~ ~ ··•~-~ •· !i 'l:\,,c.,. . . -~..i.',,t,o~'.Ch\ ~~t.<rt;.',:"'-"4•t,~"t<,.'.~,~~~;•,;,~(l ' f'_.!,t,••~~'.48, , ~ ~ · Cullen wrote in the more formal tradition of English poetry. meticulous and careful in his poetic workmanship • .fl,1W-ifilH""'-m~~-~w.~:-Mlt' l s a . D ~ ~-&C.Q~~Q~ . ~~ . ,.1< ~~~a,err7e~;$•,.ffi'f ~ 1:M' ~~6-t,· ~-.ail!~ ,, th · · · • l ~ I .. ri1~~~!J:ptm:e,.,,:r~ya1:.1J~'-r:rr·,A1ne·rfeli • · :,,,-.'l; Cu11 en, Al'ma. ,. ol!rt:--emp'S't,·r{"I'tlie-1'Mtt~t:t·on','•'" A.me'r.t'e~M'Y'ff~:@ ··,.~P..oeit'!""'}!i-.,(;\ha~ 1 ~as among those Black writers of the 20's who went ~b to Tower fl to brood over being called "Negro'' poets. . ,.,,ae,h~e?e~~;t,y• ~ft~ · ij~ . ·~ '-"'flot"'l'i"' rif"u "-t:'fie''"B'i:tt't'tk: •kpe-1r4-en~... <•ut·""s t'trt1fdw~t,l/;;!(tti•t "-•~1a~·,.~;;d•!l:;~~~;:r:~r"'~; ~¼it :t~')•it'.=Ch a~ acti·rt·~1 e,·<,' ~ ,,;t;:;.r ~= ,,. however., .,.o£ ,,l}3t,S;,€idNfntt1f ;B",,;·t,b~~r'"'a:tid '• 't'l.~t-t1'e'tHl ·\,~iif't',.,4e ''t;•b e,.,t·. ·• _} f amo.~.a,,. . •,Jiilllile!#'~- · " · /'.1 ... -~, - ,, ,.., .... 1 ~~._'11,':.~{~ -~·•···~-,: .. ~~'.\ What\ is Africa to me: Copp~ sun or scarlet sea, t' Jungle star or jungle track~ Strong onze men or regai black Women fro whose loins I ,, ·'sprang When the b ds of Eden .;sang? Long it;f"'use of poetic devices, Romantic homage to Africa and #' -~. pical imagery, the poem probes hidden fears and question~/ ~f think at all, Baldwin says, ar ~*'11 constan ly on the verge of insanity.fl Cullen, howev . ', is probably known for his sonnet, ,1' flYet Do I Critics -·~vel, o not 11 which has n both praised and castigated. seem to be able 66 agree as to whether Cullen �"""i-,,· .,... s saluting-; ptt ing or • ~i,·_kiu;,,t(l;)L •. he Black poet. at this curious thing: Black and bid him sing! .,......,,,,.,. . . .~ - , . , , . ...,___._,,......_...__ _ _ _~_:JO!l_!~,- ~ · ' ·- ,..,,,. . ~ Cullen, other key ~oets of the Harlem-Awalwning ~ ~'Y Crt. a+c.~~'l.J&wl important Voiumes~and ded to the~ritical flutter. The Book 11 Johnson said McKay belonged its most powerful voice. He to the post-war group and was was pre-eminently the poet of rebellion." sonnet, 11 poet If · native Jamaican of nature. dialect (he came to the earned him the title of Robert Burns of cloaked violence in many of his poems, as "The '\·Jhite House": Your door is ut against my tightened fa And Iams rp as steel with discontent; But I po ess the courage and the grace To bear. y anger proudly and unbent. ~1:cKay use to Russia in 1922 where an attempt as an anti-America propaganda in connection 67 to �~~ ~ f1'f'r"•r~, ~ ...~~~"N ~ f;._~~• J ~~~~ 1\'.:•1 _'i;,4li'1.~ , ots and America's racial problem. 30' s McKay hobnobt::~<k fjrt-:tt,{;;k:-~ 7, ff,, . as Geor ~,;,-'1fa:'x ~. . . . . . ~ ·. · · 1s ~:-...tp~~~ons:t t ~~,~~'i"1: es ' ~nard . · · ., --:z., Dune an, , f - w. , • • Isadora Eastman, who wrote a ' J ~ ·.;;,;;•·=~=-;...;......;..;.. ...,_--,Hughe~ and Cullen won nat onal recognition (and poetry awards) at about th.e s~me time. parison ends. ~ There, however, the com- Hughes was one of the widest traveled of all the~naissance writers. He was also the most prodigious and multi-talented, writing successfully in all genres. Hughes, who when he died in 1967 was the widest translated American author,J\:Js■*- <•••me known as the international poet laureate of Black people.J ·.W~~M'-i!~~~~~m•~,-.i~~-141Mal...~w~~ ~ Al'~~•~ ,-'lf,.f/(QX,·. Mli'S , s of Rivers," in which he the Black worl~ e was to becO):Jl,~~ d read Black poet--among ev · • ~....,.. , -...,,, Known for his mus . I d ~• his famous poem "The Negro Sp <, -i quality in the Whitman-Lindsay- ~ ~:.:,¢it e. ~ ~fBi::ks. # :: . I 1'1~'-" and ~j ..~finenta -ff;{e, Hughes · o 'J-ij-.,~nd was one o:r ~~;; a:r most promoters o~iJ Jay 1:fright (In#duction, Henry Dumas ~~~;, -.,1{·. l . fore- ·· ~ f Black poet" {itic { 1~i9r My Peopl · . t ,1 ~ .;,J:,.,~,.... ;,,,!., :, • 1970) noted1~hat not until the appearance of Duma~'frwa.~ Hughe ·~.,_~4 , "·?rti~ . know,\~,~ of Spirituals and Gospels was rivaled. Hugh~~.t,. ,~ike Du~•; was to do later, haunted Black religious and secular . ~ •sh;,i,l,"""-~: •- ·,. ~~1!!1,1 •(l!5 ',,t ~- s, th. er~~ere ".&~,R,,,9f!,.~-;.t: __.• ~r-<.~q"~,;lt:!";p:1;.'!; p,<· ~-. ( r ' ~~c•N. ~~~t:; ~lac~~J 1us1e, · ·~.. :i:r- wtb • 68 aJt~'i;my .,h ad · b'e"@, · ,· )l ~ -~ "-~"-,'Q/1('$1 '<,,' ,:,,,: �carried on the on the rich, spontaof the new urban Blacks, them with the natural as in ".Jazzonia 11 : sights and sounds Oh, silver tr Oh, shining r the soul! Six long-h A dancing Li.fts hi tree! rivers .f published volume, The Weary thes to t He was one of students and h ndlers o.f ibed realistical y, genuine 1 tradition--/ i legorically and /P ,,.ff! ,l'~'t';r:'J/; As a ,.11'' scholar, known for his anthologies and his seminal interpretations of Black culture--music and the Spirituals in par/'/,2. ticular. Of great importance~ his,e_ntholog:,.- lt'l•e ioi)e8'r •iw• ..., !iitn:..:~ Nee, : a 1m-;;;w.where in an illuminating Preface, be 69 �cited-the four major Black artistic contributions to America. 1. 2. 3. 4. The Uncle Remus stories, collected by Joel Chandler Harris The Spirituals ("to Which the Fisk Jubilee Singers made the public and the musicians of both the United States and Europe listen") The Ca~ewilk (~ich Paris called the "poetry , of motion ) .... , ~ ......_,_,...,....,.._ ... .,_.......-a. The Ragtime ("American music" for which the U.S. is known all over the world) Johnson is also noted for his work with the U.S. diplomatic corps, his pioneering work with the NAACP and his brilliant employment of Black idioms and psychology in his poetry and discussions. "Lift Every Voic Black national anthem, was wri~n in 1900. ,~er:;::;r: ~~ ;.C..~hneon"-e""~ B=~""1:1!1 &,--,~ 0 black and u nown bards of long ago, How came your !"ps to touch the sacred fire? How, in your da kness, did you come to know The power and t beauty of the minstrel's lyre? •••••••••••••••• •••• ••••••••••••••••• •••• ••••• Heart of whats ave poured out such melody As "Steal away · o Jesus"? On its strians His spirit mus have nightly floated free, Though still a out his hands he felt his chains. Who heard grea "Jordan Roll"? Whose starward eye Saw chariot II ing low"? And who was he That breathed that comforting, melodic sigh · , ,,_,.,..,,, "Nob ody knows de trouble I see"? ,.~~ ,_...- • ·' ~.,~ One of the most unique voices of the Harlem Renaissance, however, was Jean Toomer, who along with Hughes, Cullen and McKay make up Locke's Four Negro Poets. A complex of person- alities, talents and racial mixtures, Toomer was a constant 70 �enigma to critics and fellow writers. Although he admitted that he was of seven racial strands, he acknowledged that "my growing need for artistic expression has pulled me deeper In 1924, Toomer's Cane and deeper into the Negro group." Set primarily in the deep south--in Geor g ia--it also deals with the urban impact on migrating Blacks. Love, racial conflict,. sex, violence, religion, nature and agrarian themes are all ~ lored directly and allegorically, !. f(i(i'' ;.-. (s • .· ·~~~fi;~~¼~l.t..~M.;.,"{"'~a-.....-,.,,..t"'i'J.':;•,:-•r;. rt,-,,.1\!,,lf~l'~ a class ro-ALJ,n . "" ~~ -Today Cane is' rega ~ . . , V,,;.tti:~~. - is exto"'i ie~ b'y 'Black intellectua:J,Jit·, '"writers Bi i and teachers as single Robert Bone, in The Negro s~~i~ ~ · was the "onl:' ~ ; ~r -~~ J 9J;.-i.? P "-~ .,,,.,.... 1¥,'.t tPr~pated on qua-1: t~ffis '' in the creatio m." Bone was, of course, comparing ~o Pound and Eli'ot in anza prologue as i~~roduced by a 'li ,u_,,,, .,-t# , , ~f!IJ" Her skin is 0 can't you s Her s k in is . dusk on tb'Ef t''eastern horiz it, .p...,,e·ffn• t you see it, . ~~- dusk on the eastern horizon sun goes down. . , ,,,,;~ ~-➔ts•~ Obsessed,,, .,i:t •rff·s eem . ,, onate intel :'Ii:~•)'.,'\'.•"-'( 1-.;'i;i."" . gence and li_?J~a:tstic virtuosity --Toom __. just as com:dortab~ : ' .. cTtm'$""§'"'7.,,t a with beauty and natur~~~~t,1.';d wi 17 . ~It J'. l.;n ~:r.e~ 'f!'•""' 'fff th S<;,..Q.n.et.&:"''"''""'~"Ifo-;e mber Cotton ....,,.,.,,,.....,. the followin g couplet: 71 ...~w!'w,,, . . · �~!:-3-~~~rc:a-ret-:....rij~~-t:ee:a:a::1W:1il.1:E~~~~~~~~~:1·ii~~~;;; -~~l:§.!:,., Brown au or"t1'ffl~ 1.me _...la of year. .... ·· .,J<f'J,;'....,. ............. ~ ~ " " ' Rae pride, the lower side of g:tack l i f e / ~ n t i c ,;. .,.~~ were the m a i n ~ of engagement with Africa the enaissance literaturef painters, musicians, scholars and activists. Garvey had set up a regal court reminiscent of ancient African Kingdoms and had infused his followers with visions or returning to the "homeland \ His "court" was resplendent with hierarchical titles and lavish regalia for parades. his rleet of ships. Black Star Line was the name or The prevailing spirit or the day was one of Black indulgence and many whites sought for, and got their share or, it. Th~ Black Awakening was not the exclusive pro- perty or Harlem. For as Kerlin points out (Preface, Ne gro Poets and Their Poems), the mood or change spread to other sections of the country. Some of the regional or community anthologies published were: The Quill in Boston, Black Opals in Philadelphia and The Stylus in Washington, D.C. Important, too, were the collections and studies of folk songs. ~ 4.'.&Q 4St: 11 1/oteworthy" collections for the period included: Negro Folk Rhymes (Thomas W. Talley, 1922) The Negro and His Sonr (Howard W. Odum, 1925) Ne~ro Workaday Songs Howard W. Odum, 1926) Rainbow Round My Shoulder (Howard W. Odum, 1928) Wings on My Feet (Howard w. Odum, 1929) American Negro Folk Songs (Newman Ivey White, 1929) Other brilliant and exciting poets and writers shared the Renaissance scene--though they are normally over-shadowed by Hughes, Toomer, McKay, Johnson and Cullen. 72 Some of these �writers--most of whom did not publish volumes until the later G~ l' be--~ ~ ~ ,, G~ r ~ v:tt;' period--were: Arna Bontemps 'A Warfng Cuney, Robert Hayden, I Sterling Brown, OWen Dodson and Melvin Tolson. Prose writers of the period included Eric Walrond and Rudolph Fisher as well as Hughes and Toomer. Bontemps, anthologist, critic, ~ ~/ poet and novelist, published in leading magazines of the period and won numerous awards for poetrY,. ~ J,,,· _,-.~ r.. ._.., ,.,,.~,.. -~~.... I ,.._~ ~ -- ' of poet:ch :2e~oal~. -wa ~, ,i.84; Cuney is ,Mmii•:'ffl'RJ!.'~~~ known for his brevity and preciseness,aNa-~i~~~l~1i~e~p~o~·ecmm~ll~M~e~~~Mii...._ past ha ..,.DJ}~ .~.•mJJ,&1tL~~ett~!"'~~-~1!~~-,tr.!'l~fT55!liffla:~~1'-~~.-eiG.a~~~~ ~ I , c ' 1 : t i ~ ~"'""""· ~~-. t h =: r~~ ~~-- p~l~ t; ~ ~~~-. On the street, . ' <-=-,..u:aakd4£ , ; ;-· '1\.bd ~i.ra}l.,f!}t.~.l~t*~ ~~ ...... , .,.. ., ,. ,:,_ ~ ~ Brown,~!!iTI.irii1iliias, pursued the folk tradition while cultivating an ear and technique that rivaled some of the best modern poetry. His debt to folk idioms and characters is ob- vious in such poems as "Odyssey of Big Boy, "Memphis Blues, 11 11 "Southern Road, 11 and "Long Goner'' ~1? ::e.~~tfe.T~-'%.:tB~;:J:l!Y·~~~~;,: ;"'=·' Brown.:,::rtR!: contributed to periodicals of th~..k . ~ perio141R\'P"Wrote a regular column for Opportunity, lished i mportant critical studies. la~ pub- Dodson wrote verse plays and collaborated with Cullen on at least one writing pro j ect. He too won numerous awards for his plays and poetry . Hayden and Tolson, both si gnificant modern poets, were to be beard from in succeeding decades as critics and outstanding 73 �)1 ~~~~~~~~~~rE~!m~ market crashed in 1929, white patronization of Black artists ended·. Black creativity and scholarship, however, bad grown up during the first three decades of tbe century, and important writing and musical development continued~ Migration of Blacks to northern urban centers was stepped up before and after World War II--with many Blacks being attracted by shipbuilding and other war manufacturing industries . Afro-Americans have participated in every U.S. military conflict since Colonial days. ) During World War II and Korea , however, they were used almost exclusively as fi ghting troops (between 1943-45 Jim Crow was abolished in the Armed Forces). Nevertheless , Black soldiers, returning home from European and Pacific war theaters, still faced unemployment and lynching; and in some southern cities were forbidden to appear on the streets in military uniforms. 74 Baldwin is one { �I of many perceptive American writers to note that Black men, seeking the fruits and the realization of the American Dream, tried throughout history to adjust and 11 fit 11 into American society. So, in face of official American contempt for his ~ humanity and his welfare, the Black soldier marchedl\.with an "equality" or death into the Korean War.:,. James Weldon Johnson had opened the dismal period of the Depression with Black Manhattan, a social history of Harlem. Black Manhattan was one of the dozens of studies on urban BlacK communities which had been begun by works such as DuBois' Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (1899). Like Johnson, many of the poets and artists turned their writing skills toward the recording of Black social problems and artistic achievements (e.g., Johnson's Black Americans, What Now? and Charles S. Johnson's The Shadow of the Plantation, both in 1934). Some of the writers were subsidized by WPA grants while others managed to obtain jobs as teachers and journalists. like the common folk, walked the soup lines. Others, It was during the period of 1930-{t, that white schools of higher learning started accepting more Blacks, as students and teachers. Generally, America witnessed rapid advancements in science and industry. Radio drama became a cultural mainstay and the motion picture industry provided a new and exciting diversion • .:fop Arneri~ Baseball continued as the "national pasttime 11 (for Blacks, it was the era of Jackie Robinson). Jack Johnson had alre£";......: azzleJAmerica with his pugilistic skillsleft was the prize fighter Joe Louis �(the "Brown Bomber"), however, who captured sports-minded America with one of the greatest records in the boxing history. Louis's defeat of German Max,Schmeling (1938) came at a crucial time in U.S. history--when America's rising might among tbe world of nations was being challenged on the battlefield by Hitler. Two years earlier, a racist Hitler bad refused to acknowledge the feats o~~ star Jessee OWens. In prose and drama, white American writers continued to straddle a thematic path between realism and the American Dream. A distinctly "post-war" group of writers emerged. Dominating the period were Dreiser, Sherwood Anderson, Sinclair Lewis, Willa Cather, Thomas Wolfe, O'neill, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Tennessee Williams, John Dos Passos, Katherine Anne Porter, Erskine Caldwell and Carson Mccullers. Using symbolism and allegory to attack war, decadence and tbe atomic bomb, American writers often took as models such Russian writers as Chekov, Dostoevski and Tolstoi. Many employed the stream of consciousness technique--a style influenced by the "new psychology" and Irish writer James ce--which allowed for uninterrupted explorations *on~~-~-•io characters who "streamed" their references. A similar mood prevailed in the poetry--much of which dealt with social decadence, war and the mechanization of man. E.E. Cummings, known for his typographi- cal trickery and general linguistic and syntactical experiments, was one of the most relentless critics of bureaucracy and war. Such themes had also concerned T.S. Eliot, considered one of the greatest modern poets, in such poems as uThe Love Song �of J. Al~red }f~" and 'itphe Waste Le,QSl ... The Ima.gist poets -eie-•-~~heir development via such voices as "H.D.," Ezra Pound and Marianne Moore. Other modern poets were Conrad Aiken, W'illiam CArlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, Archibald McLeish, Hart Crane, John Crowe Ransom, Allan Tate, Riebe.rd Eberhart, Randall Jarrell, Robert Frost and Carl Sandburg. Crane, Eliot, Pound, W.H. Auden and Stevens have been called the major voices o.f the modern American Poetry. Historically, Black Music had been marked by white imitation and exploitation. There always exists the need to create a "white" musical .face that can be digested by Americans at large. From the minstrelsy of plantation days to the sophist· operettas and musicals of the '1,t'IN""Uf'.~i-1,,,rf- , this patter"r,e,e,,.,e,t11~.,..~~~ During the modern period, Be Bop became the musical heir to Ragtime, early Jazz and Tin Pan Alley. While the big band and Black composers--Basi~, Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, W.C. Handy, Eubie Blake, Noble Sisle, etc.--continued their important work, different kinds of experiments were going on among other musicians. From these new formations and probings came some of the giants of modern Black Music: Miles Davis, Charlie ''Yard Bird II Parker, Lester "Prez II Yo~nny ..;..R~llins, Gene Ammons, Art Blakey (who studied drums in Africa),~Ch~Pozo (A.fro-Cuban), Dizzy Gillespie and Babs Gonzales (Bop poet and singer: I Paid My Dues, 1967). From the musicians and their supporters emerged an underground "hip 11 languae;e. This tradition, of talking in metaphors and encoded cultural neologisms, had begun during the/enaissance. 77 Often, too, Black �vocalists were featured with the musicians. Some of these song stylists were Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughn, Billie Holliday and Bessie Smith--who died in 1937. The mi gration to cities also saw the continued rise of urban or bi g city Blues. By 1900, however, the Blues had gone through several i mportant periods of development. Some names associated with tl:}e modern (31.J.l (J,:Ui1.~'.V">YIY? period were Louis Armstrong , Fats Waller, Cab Calloway,~Pop J Foster, Eddie "Son" House, Robert Johnson, Johnny~e.ple.-..,.L . Leo..dbeL.Ly, lit · · Roosevelt Sykes, Elmo JamesrB.B. King,~Jimmy Reed, I+ ., w Sonny Boy Williams,~ohn Le ~ J :ne,:~ : · ,-,~ lilll),{..(AiJ osh White, Hooker, ~g~tnin' Hopkins and Big bri!.t'~~f" / ~ · ;'e,u Several~ table Black literary explosions occured during the period between 1930-6f0, Important were: the publication of Native Son (Richard Wright, 1940); the publication of For My People (Margaret Walker, 1942); the appearance of Invisible Man (Ralph Ellison, 1952) an~nning of the Pulitzer Prize for poetry (Gwendolyn Brooks, 1950 for Annie Allen). Native Son, a novel, featured a Black protagonist named Bigger Thomas who symbolized( and in many ways contained) the anger, rage and pressures felt by urban Blacks. The book was the first by a Black author to make the best seller list and was also a book of the month club choice. During the same period Wright, who died an expatriate in France in 1960, published several other novels, short stories, books of essays and miscellaneous prose. appeared. In 1945 Black Boy, his autobiography Wright is significant for many reasons, foremost among them being that be was the first Black writer to deal, �"2- t.. accurately and on par with the best rictio~he day, with tbe philosophical and psychological complexity of the Black ur':J..n~te . In doing this, he opened a new range of possibilities andf\_f ee• Black fiction in many ways. -Se~@l!.!!!!,. ~ ly -: ~ h : ~ ~ i o n writers during this period: Rudolph Fisher, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude :McKay, Hughes, Arna Bontemps, Ann Petry, DuBois, Frank Yerby, Eric Walrond, Chester Himes and Sterling Brown. Wright, however, was the first to forge and sustain a major Black art piece out of mythical ~ac~al mater·a1s1.Uin'IMaUll'\w~a had. win, that no er writer ~r, domi On the Mo~n, n~d ,,,. J;;Oq""' , . ;:;.. Miss Walker, teaches liter - ture at Jackson State Colle ge, was 22 years old when she wrote fl r•[f21_, II Jl,_ For My People --one of the most faiGo"trst--poems~~=Gi 11:. Her book by the same name won the Yale Series of Younger Poets award in 1942. Rich in cultural folk refere nces, Black phono- logy and social history, the slim book br li ntly traces the hope, humor, pathos, ra ge, stamina and iron di gnity of the _ _ _ __ . . - - - - " . " " " ' "~ -~ - · - · - race. ~ . .... • ti ,. -~ 'l' the daintiness, ba~~~~ t ~"'and-, .,l_.ifi._b;l-~Sjj,S~anc e . ,. . . ,.,[... "' "w,.::,*~•W,t 11;~,,!<,-"'!:1;</M:~1>\\,;-,~,: .~ ~~_""·~'H .· ;.1~ 1!1:il -~ ' are true-grit experience~J the religiosity ;.t_.. . :g~~ks. ,.,;' 1:........ : :1.'~ Yet, along with these The poe1s ~pd to~: -,v 6nations, Miss Walker presents excellent sonnets �~--::...E= llison, who bas not published a novel since Invisible Man(lfS2.) remains one of the most controversial figures in American Literature; much of the controversy arising from what he says ( outside of fiction (see Introduction). Communist-oriented papers generally condemned Invisible Man when it first appeared. They held that it was a 11 dirt throwing" ritual for Ellison--who combines naturalism and complex symbolism in the book. Black novelist John Oliver Killens also gave it a negative review. Generally, however, the work is considered, by Black and white critics, to be a great novel--perhaps the greatest American novel. It won the National Book Award in 1952 and in a sub- sequent poll of 200 journalists and critics, it was judged the most distinguished single work of fiction since World War II. The winning of the Pulitzer Prize by Gwendolyn Brooks (and Ellison's accolades} told the world that Black writers had mastered the "ultimate" English literary crafts of poetry and fiction to a degree which no longer called their abilities into question. Many Black critics feel, however, that there were excellent volumes, before Annie Allen, which should have received the Pulitzer Prize. These critics say Black artists, like the Black Experience, come periodically into fashion �(e.g., Harlem Renaissance)--to be tolerated at the whims of . white literary ba ( s. ·~ ~~4~~~~~rfllJl/a~~kM4~) The citation af M Experience, however--despite the fact that the prize was not a major announcement in the Black community. Blacks, caught up in the post-war mood, job-searching and a quest for social equality, were not reading much poetry. ·- ss B~o.oks- ~is_ univ-ersally ~.e cognized for her sparseness~ : .,,p· I and comple.:t.~. c~ntrol of poetic d?vices. I of her effectiveness within •spaiial limitations is the parents 1 said she loves tb; ·"1'nus,h ".• o:t' tt{e people . -· In one interview she language_.,~·A itne example "' / rom "Notes From the / ,._., ..;. Childhood and the Girlho f ~ ,:?' Clogged and so~~ and sl ppy eyes Have lost th,e, light tha bites or te~rifies. . . . . . . .. . But. one by one 'J,mey got things done: . ;.--'Watch for porches as y u pass And prim low fencing nching in the grass. r [ I l ' ' i t / Pleasant custards sit behind The white .1l~n ti: el II.ff ' :-i;... I' ~~lamed by the spirit and example of the Harlem Renaissance, Black poets of the pre- and post-war years continued exciting experiments. Miss Brooks recalls that a brief encouragement from the "great" James Weldon Johnson when she was a child spurred her own her way. Some of the poets of the /enaissance, ~>,Ji~ howeve~~ writ·n r ~ i g ii~n~r, genret ~Poet Bontemps also wrote novels--the most famous of 81 I O'-f' 0 �I , them being Black Thunder (1931, an adaptation of the 1831 I Nat Turner-led slave revolt. He edited and wrote, and some- times collaborated with others on anthologies and biographies for young readers. With Hughes, he edited The Poetry of The Negro: 1764-1949, considered a break_,..through in modern Black literary activity. One of the handful of Renaissance Black writers to survive into the Seventies, Bontemps died in 1973. Some have called the period between 1930-54 t~~the ~g~ ·~·f Langston Hughes in Black letters. Indeed, Hughes remained prominent and productive throughout the three periods-Renaissance, 1930-54, and the Contemporary era. During the pre- and post-war periods, Hughes continued to turn out everything from newspaper fiction columns (Jesse B. Simple) f~;;~: ~~:~-~d:ii~~~:::i::~ ' " (1932), New :--::::: Four Poems and a play (1938), Shakespeare,,.,ifn,, Black writers continued to Negro writers." Per~aps the pe~d currently amply capsuled in t~ese lines fro g I! i \ ciated iscussed ::th ( i\ is Hughes' fa .t / "Dream Def erred" .,;What h~ppens to a dream ". . . . . . . . J and esp·>+ in their works, ca ~...... a tradition, as Hayden n~;-es-,~ i;:t"a.d.~t~ionally as li \I \. (1932)~tsboro Limited: j f f I t~· I ,. �II zc- ) i l .' Hughes in poetry, like Wright, Ellison and Baldwin in prose, faithf'ully recorded the Black mood. Like the others, he also predicted the social violence of t h e · • Q+Jhez• :tt1tpo1 banit dfAk and ,Yolumes 1? i1,.0ets f- of the. period. inc'J,...ude \,J]terl}ng ,1;.;;own, ·,H 1 { M- Southern Road (l932);~To s -e~ ~ 1WP~ ~J,- D~,l'r "-'!) , Rendezvous with America jl944) ,,, ,I and Libretto for the Republic of Liberia (1953);ANaomi Long Madgett, Songs to a Phantom Nightingale (194l); ; Selected Poems of Claude McKay (posthumously, 1953); Hayden, Heart-Shape in tv~ h'tf!Uflt 0' Hi.¥i.~ the Dust (1940) and The Lion and the Archer ~94~); Cullen, \' , j ~ ->€r''.' ~ The Medea and Some Poems (1935) and On These I Stand (post,hu. C~fZ iit B ,,, Eg u~~lf(,O); a~ 'll;.z;;;,/a..J~t~1L~ ") mously, 1947); f\and D6tison, >owerf'ul. Long Ladder, (19q.6~ Also writing and/or translating during this period were D u ~ Randall, Samuel Allen (Paul Vesey), Margaret Danner, .....-a~Wrigbt (who also wrote poetry), ~.Sl,., lh i •-~'A4,ll!il 11 Black and white poets exchanged ideas and socialized, as Black and white intellectuals had done throughout most of the history of America. Many of the Black poets of the period, consequently, were introduced to publishers and the reading public by well-known white poets or critics. Such a practice was to come under fire, during the late 60•s and 70's, by some Black poets and critics who felt that whites could not judge on Black writing. Reviews of the period were generally favorable to the Black writers who showed great finish in their work. Hayden, Walker, Brooks, Tolson and Dodson were among the poets who received high praise for their technical virtuosity. • wrote the forward to Miss Walker's Stephen Vincent Benet For My People, Allen Tate to Tolson's Libretto For the Republic ., ~, # ~ f �, . . ,. , . ., v, srj , ~ / ,!J:w, /Jiau ¥ llfl/a (/_9_ 6 ~ .,....;:;---...~~a~ .7) • ,,-I ~~~~~ rJ 6 ~~~~~ /?-)f)~ 96i • ., "- - !Cl (a ~~~- Lq tao ) ) t (!. _..J �l i from Poetry: A Magazine of Verse--regarded as the white / American olympus of poetry. ~1-,r.b, · • C: A ~1>1i,. One of the most important anthologies of theAperiod was The Negro Caravan, (19~ited by Brown, Arthur P. Davis and Ulysses Lee. The ~•••- inclusive anthology of Black /Mterature, it remain~ of the outstanding textbooks~1"(;2t:l,• tiaek w,Ii,lfj,iR~v Brown also published two important works of the world, the Supreme Court decision of May 15 closed the book on one era of Black Americanfistory and opened up Pan- I Wright's Black Power (1954), a dora's box on another. commentary on bis experiences in Africa's Gold Coast, may ve been more than ·ust a hint at the what was to come. , corn's box, cs hir d "th 1,., +- lld FO -i ve "n, a ne re,-,~ of l ci r OCCl l q "t o I"' "' .,.....,, r 1- P. k wori ., · is 1a,... .., , , · . -inl ,"1,,., .Jr. , fo 1 f esr. -fl '11 "' "- - P o ·dA , " of oun < 1 of' h-ite , Ch c1 i vo-ic t0 !-: t' II r , . C " 11 n _, ,., "" . f' l, ri ,.. . on C"' C, oth .,,, .,, "' +,:,7 1 ' r n ('\ r 0 d +-o tr::p Q-,- Tn iVA , .... • f") r cl V b y "' ~, . I ~ K • re l T .,,, t 'Y ) �c;'ood mo r' n~, nJ bLveJ1hl11e,tz(lwJ~r~Je11 - - I.ea.ti beJr III cont; n<_;:u;..l,e;:..a.......,._ As the ?0th Srntury onena its be1-ild..erod(qome say eyes , 11 sort them !!!!!D~ of c nnri;e j ere " ~1s n Blac k noetryl- and the 11 Pho c ' 0d 11 ) - -not the lPA..""'t • a 1ong .._,_j_ncrease in the_ rt • \li th theN1 mber of f publicati.ons t--- ldnc t1' ir ,m rk(due to the n5 oneering 0 ~f Dunbar, Corrot'"l rs , Camyibel 1, Cotter, Sr., "nd ot 1"'rs), Bl . . cl,. oets could t 1eart •-lll!lh!!!k anticip te h ving their ,m rklt re d by ''.-ii te ed.i tors . "-41:11(,ljll.e 0 /t-m.y of the oets uriti n in the first "nd second decades of the cent~ J.".J wo ld never be he~rd -~ fron again,A_ a few of ~ , , - - . would become · minor·'l lio-.rits of the ~-~ harle ii.en~issance . he noets 1,rork!-}dj\Jilf.._~rnrisin div rr · t-,.r of styles , lin~uistic - bents , themes , te perrmentst end -=ind C""'le from nract;c lly f-e ti . 23 ,i;l' the •est I 0 verv corner of' the U'l1ited :State5JA.AM dies ...,nd 0 011th 1 eric"I . ~ Ies ie Pinclney n'lJ.(l e cate ories , Kel ft" _ ler(J 0 AJ - 1939) 11 )n 0-19{0), Charles Bertram Johnson(1P80 - ), Ben 'amin 13rr:1 1 rl.e7,r(lR'.)'2 - l 39), i\:1.YYrlond f}nrfiAlcl lJqndridn- (l't'~-F'J ,, Jrun.es Ed1 ,rard T cCG 1 ( 1880 ) ot o Le A -qoh "n n ( ) , m elina Ueld "'ri rn ( 0 -19,S P) , Jesdf°' &P,JJ_Se'ty~(l e~ - 19?1) , \falter ~vc,...ette r ; ,--- ,rrs . ::;areh Le01\..t?leninr;(' ffie Lne 1 e~some(1 8~ - ~va Alberta Jes~ye(l897 - w,dns(lf'i3- , Leon~. ~2rris(1e86 - ) , 1/al ter Adolnhe Roberts (l8R(-. - 19(-._s"), ), ~ eor~ia Douglas Johnson(l 0 86-l9h6), ,.,,Peodo.,,.,e Henry ShacveJ.-"o,'.'d(l88e - l923), Mrs 1911?) , .J! 5 BTRij. Oh!'lrles 1 lilson ( 1°85- oscoe C. J8mison(7°P? _ '"pe ~Mith Jo nson(J8ao), /\ ndrea Ha.zafk riofo ( 1895-Ddgar Baily( r ) , Ui 7 limn ), .ToseDh Sea·.,.on Co ter, ,Tr . (7 95 - 1910) ClaJl'i ssa Scott De_cney 1 ( 19 O1 - 19~7), ~nd ~ scores more )' �29 ..:.,.-~~.;-~~~.;;;;;~,. Jrunps were r1cde by ,.;- el don Johnson dev&aon his Cotte r , Jr . (cut dOi•m to e""rlv to a fe ~'ft others ~ ow · ., d is i~nort...,nt Pi.rt ne at le~."'t note I\ terling Bro m. g •a~b~ ofl this SaundP,rs F enton Johns n , <. gs iuc1t1 ff°' d J. of in Dorte.n c e, be.,rond eddinrr the Johnsons, o c c 1 red in the fi_rst t; o dec8des . ~ut , fo r nuroose s ~ and cont;inufu t;r , 1rp f\...no t e that this 1- as not:if a period ina c tivi t,r n!llone; noets . '~'e chnicall , t1-i0rc ~ ex -as ,.__.....,...,~...... Prit!lentation . ,:{ost ol the helned ph co out the dialec t vo ue or ,rrote noots ei th"'r :» hprmless -pieces ')"'.rd.ens , death and human sorro T• Others urote on natt re , love , h rshl.,r "nd bi tterJ., of the 'War • .6. .___ e - s ~ , wa-s a leadinr; ':l.J ack s n olrnsm n of the day occE>sional J. v :r,..,ote noetry . 1 i 0 nd only f' rose - noern nr See "'nd 4m Soti "'fi ed t1 ?5 "ten z as , it is reminiscPnt of ~ provided f eJ ~orr: ,,.,,, c ial isf'nc •• ConPir-tin17 of ( il.-,j .t<'enton Johnso' ~ reel II) "no ~ri 7_7 "'1rndt. ccd ~ 01,e-,~ne: "'r,.,.. ret la 1 crr .{ t11<'or ru1y r:ood st dents '11,-,"'jnin, Sc 001 fo,-, ~eaci-, I, 1 0ve rt , r·e - - A lJra__ma ti c is "' J.shii, oy L . 1 i 11, noet rind educ.,tor, rote e of the f' enior HD.Hf -l-ic, ,ijfa12!11 :ehi&Ls:mu feeJ s t:re Af,-,o - American 'cons tr j ned or,r:,,-, es· on to c-j ve r in ,rino·s . t1 fee~·nrrs abo 1 t 1 is noet,-,y hri s a ~ treng th r0~~ r~l...,tions . P ~ 7Js 9~/!"-fffM- ~1 1~ ~~ f -t.J>~<i • t,,.,f'va · 1 o·f · i~ ; :rnc· . ' f.!.1-": rJes .Johnson • b ishec'l ·na J 5c 1 1 isperinP- (a pa111nhlet , J. 900) , The _____ _ �30 Johnson tt ~,,.,d rd.s noetry and 1 re$ N(_he r"'fl<lnr ~ t s an e~uc to nath of oas mw:vb I anrye rs to be a i r onic II "life"f is ~ JI 1a 1 hen he .a•~ some tFj"' 'jill . 7%) i Qil621%11!1!1J!dM.l For hi T'lw, An oc~aion"'J po e~ttended n 1s d Clonr . "7'..--:i,ra·wley ,X bs forchourn , .t rva d nd the p-niversity of CriiCf'go , [Ind for YPf-lrs tau,,.ht at so thern Bl.., ck colleges n "--'n.'7 ] ish den rtrrient s . his nioneRri'1.P' work in ~ ~ e ir nriTTJ." · t"'r"'t1.1re nd for 1 •• • ne nubJir-hed ~h9_Ft T.risto ry of. the Ar1 0-rican Ne ro(lOlA) , A 0' ort Histor of .l..!Jni;'].ish Ur>0r1 (]921), A 1~eF urvey of BnC\li.sh Litr>rot1. re(JO:::>S'), T'rie_1 er:ro Genius(l937) and r0gro Builcers g.nd J.iero~s(19.37) . It i'"' to BrauJey ' '"' "'t cUes th...,t we '11.U'"'t r,o for vitRl infol"!11::it5.on on tho develonrie'1.t of ol,,cl• AmPrica.n noet r y . ~ rrote stor>j_er- and nooms thnt ,._.,, cl not been co lJ ected /~ no.Y1.rlri de;o s poetry . , ,.. rich I ~ '1 11 nd sometimes fncial 1 n ~ e r n . T·rme :.-o v·10 ., · ti .Jt ~ 1 a d vise "I l. J... for some thin • 11 .,econst.rJ.ctjon Or ccn j t Ap.,.,arently cribi tt1Brcd by ·che o >ortcd t- 'Dct . l_ l. f e Ve '~,.. c nte norary viGlencc , r_;8inst ·31...,cks , he asks: 10 .t!.no r.)1 to 7 i.ve ...,nd die a s12ve ? Zalka Pestruza 11 '"ecal J s re ay ' s n~ rJ.eri Vane r 11 in t} f"'t everv prirt A n...,tive of Ginemnatti, of tl c Hom a n is daneinr, 11 -- s2ve her f2ee . 1 ~ ·:mdridr;e suf ored a stroke 11 1 rh n he -ros 30 yecrs old "'hich left hi ·1e~s 'l.nd rig.ht arm n'"lr...,J.i~ed . 0 nhqreefter -riting ~o"'t of his nootry from hiR bod, hen bJi~hed \1 a.~ri ·n 0'ton , D.C., '"-<oh"n0n ~.liw•=-•••••not n blio:h a voJ me . Pei+her djd TeC:,,.Jl ,r•,o ~ ' b e e 111~*cHtor of the ndi=mt �31 A o:el j_ns ,xxx1~im].re nl1 blished a three - act poetry remains mcollected . lay( 1ric~:iel) in 19?1 but h"'r orn in Roston , he "res ed c'"'ted in ~~,._•...,•'"•" •1-,. ,. , vririous schools of sevPraJ states , a.na l...,ter t ... u ~ 1)10-4J..,; veprs at Di nb'lr '"ir-]:i Sch~ ¼ ~ ,C . ~ " " " - l . n~ ~ ~'fo r P than "'lir:;htly 1 61 {u~ rendo] ,m Broo l rs , 1••1ss ~~ . GrJ.l . - u< · f noe t r,r~ nt! A..3 0IDC O )ri 7 i "nt;, oir;n,...nt , she 1ritAs of love, reasons , darlmes"' and hie:h snirits~ " the 'e 1 1/er-r-ro . mat rinr; ·Jears -- t:rnified in the nhr:1se Alt"ourh she h"d been 1)ublis11.in'3 noetry jn 11 eriod5 cals her fi rPt b5.g breal, c,.,me 1-hen Bhe ~!!!!!!~~C~11~lJJ~elln~1~s~ an oJo~v f ""CaroJ~n:, Dusk(1027) , <hflinc th@ r ..'...hilJo of tlao until t oeo t, f th e di st; J Jed lanr,11aG"e in modern Americ rin Ji te-r>e tl re . ureciC!e and uenltt ~'ii e sixties "0 ld eov ch ines 1 as inc 1 uded in I!! ot I 'as ~he foll 0°i nrJ teke on their fulJ nnli+ical/c11Jt r2l 8if"'l'nif'ic8ncP : 1 Ana r , B t she i::i inrJ11dPrl in th0 br,,...t r,ntboloP'.ies of' -fro - .tl..·---u"l ..... i.can Doetry au::i et desn:::ii r~") . F'. [1 as ?n innt;c fo-r the t.,ir Du ois - irisnired 0 Pconrl .c'un - African C0 nvress in ..-•iiEf A n .,ti ve of Ne" J e-rsey, she ..,tter1 ded Cornel 1 ( :?hi Bet2 hnpa) and the u11ivP-r>C!ity of PennsvJvi:i:r,ja , an0 Dl.lbli ,...:bed fo 1r novels: Tl1 r i~_·' nf11!"j0n (1°2!:.), Plu,,, Sim( 029) , rn~e~1-dn~!Jnr_r7_Jr8e(1031 ana C0 medy , A ·ric"n :Sty1e(1°33). :rer noetrv s ~ ner5 odicaJ" durin('l' th0 t1 en ties nnd thirties., ~ h~-r> "l'Jo~t f "l.OUs 0"-rr;d i-n erotis 'di-w~t4 . ~I "erifl..,.,, noe!.ll . J5n s"lired by o en ot,.,t;i on frori ;::;o io11rn 1 e/ r :1ruth, �3? the noem vie1rs t,he Blacl- riother "seared with sl vory ' s ·,1ortal ~cqrs" M ~ ~ows that her sons qre ?.lack f oet btill visionin~ the "tars! aDriarently ~-~=~•~-~ snAnt tiMe re fle cting d1rjn~ the erlod between bee-inninr, o .. tr1; c nturv rind. the rlent1iss,,nce . ~ o 1"1.Ucb of the • t ares l • t O ,,- ~ us in ,..:::r1va t C ] lVC • ii 2& I) 11 1 ~ '.;1,6 - " oetry ,?:~, P,-- some t • • le,,, Fa set I s vers 7Ariir:ors rccial tones and sometimes not . So·1e of ~'II:~ her vn.oul.er1_re of French(she taugrit the nn u~P-e Dnd t·,.,anslated into bnrrlii:-h sevPral ~lest · the seen · n l\ra,;;,. t' it 1 es of s 0111e of ,rhe.,,,e she iriterDoJater the oets) . This is <'rench words into the ·exts . Generall her tone is mdet, neat and ell 1 -rritten . a native of Nor~ G,,rolinR ~~..:.._~~~~~n~r:;-;o~n:;:;-1-;'.",f1it-.;r~e~ltJ~C~o 1 J e r;e in 1 q OJ. ::md -ro r ke d for many yerrs in +;he rail',ray -rnPil service . In '' G redo 11 he nnounced that I ani ar1 IconocJ ast . 1 Jitli nbvious irony, S adC'H rus of "nn-1 f-' is "an .1-'-norchist, '' a/-ins c·oes on to clDi.:ri , "rid "i e eath of e and bold~ess of subject r1attc-r, To ~on . -·:is C'1ords nnd Discords ~T 1 ras nubJ idled · n 190G 'k1ll.XJ~l/l,V 11 r1,ii ch incJJ?~f"l critical notes . d(~P~'J• ~::1rris, Jamh·on, rs . F'leminc,, 0 . 11 In his n11dns "ntic~patcs merica(Adoff, 1°73) ~n y ti nd h:i -Or{: 1,..erJin ' s ,L .. j: ~--·--ok~nZo(l'I''-'~ f?Vll'-"'.,, t ~11 ._._.__,,,_. ) rr . j_'e1,-rsome, Itoberts,~hl=lc 1reJ.f Tilson , '. rs. ,Tohnso'n, .rtazafieriofo, Purr0ll 8nd B"iley poets contributinr- to var-i ous neriodi cpls of the day . rere R"lonrr lliB '11he Steel 1'•a:kers n.nd Ot:ber -~ar Poems in nc-rn hlet form in 1918 . t,e served as ecli tor of the t(ichrrond (Indiana) Sla~ ond bJi:ilhed short - stories in ~h" 0 entur_r. '1'fhe Steel l n.lrers" is P"T'OtionsJly '""nd tec1--iric~11y a'dn to sone of tho 1-orl: of J"hitm::in(~l=llt) e.nd Sf'n<"h ,,,.,i:r. It nrrci. Pefl thP 'fll6 steel ,o,....ker, --amonr; Ofl ~rris hifl~elf 1 �33 film numbered 2..t one t;_P'le . In 8...YJ.oth"r nl8ce , asks the •rh5 te ~"rY'iS r.in to e c ce-nt bim '"'in c e , desn:hte color " d fo::,t e differences , 'l1he .i..errro s the same as the rest . " 1 bli"'h(;d C..:Jo ds and c;U,"''7.ine ±R (J,. q?O):in RoPt n 2t ":;h8 inception o f ~wt.n~- . -. ~ ~' . p~ ...~ t ! J ~ IC/'-l~c,M-:4,~) ~ tb~ rtJ n2,is<1 ... ncc .A..a nonP- the " earli~st l'le<Troe art:i sti c eff'e u ti encsr contrib it · ere to er""lo-rr f-neP - vr-rse ,ith \azaf·r,,,ri fo "'nd :i 0 11 ;j oYton . Sexton ed to v::,r;o1's periodicnls ,.,s did .1.aze.fkeri efo 11ho<"P 1 ork t e anne'"' red in '.he Crusader rr a i:en fro 11 1.'he 1 e I e t'l'ro ai:rrd n in V" rio s nJ "Ce ".LJark SymY)hony . 11 11 1 Pl1tiiWii!ll!Mi!.lll!!P!l'll!!!!ll!'ll!•.._thi s rind ternneraP1onr,s incl Jn dj n.) in Tol. on 1 r omb T:b rover " S(')xton "America: nlr-iys line wi J 1 be s en C" evi 7 i:,-en-·, s 11 "nil ~ rnp "PS en a re . '. nay,ents , only , d an P}e e ta-ny ec1 ,, c ·- 5 on . e 111 ' 1. sks , in 1 ecry,o Ch 1y,c· , " "'!!!lliiliiiiiilllil;;llll•~l!!III!"!' for . 11 inanlv ~ ' Anrl not ""--ontin(T rnonev - ITJ."'lrprs , ll r;n the m nner of l'(tokelv CnrrnichP.el , - ,,. he 1,rarns , rho11J d For t"l-ii 1 world 8 '::i m rk to 11 re 1 7 f's h0 fi t the 1 e ro n "Ven . In addition to anr.er nna i·"""natience, thi r noet , 1 so e:;·presses r'"'ce ,,,,......., - "The ' ,,.ro 1.JoMo..n . " Tf it ,1ere 7 ride e ft np to h · m to 1.. l)ir-lr a t e0'-rO -,oni~n . 11 t;. · ;n -;io 11 11 P, T( ' ld se1ect the wonderful eon of the hall of fq1e", poet -rv 1r:re l 7 , -' O con ,l ed to fil'"' ryr zincs , E"'C 9e --{fizaf eriefo , ~ ·JO""llan for .. nry,o n 11 /J othP):i' . '1 1 ·1 fo1 r 05 f' t - J i ned <'ton "'a"' r~ [)ri.et r)~•=-,., • �3h Burrel] celebrates the 'prace snd forti t 11 ~e" r , ..,tn°sr of h.ti.p,cn] 7 i-r1. th!ltk~....,..., "Pl nclr . . . . hi . . torv ' K sk of the Blnck rnoth r. xl:re: e~rth mother to Create nor the c.,ntains of the st; · fro- tr'ericon 1-0I11'1n . is ' c f· lson : . . JJ asn . a ohm slit :1s0I11ebody 1 s Ci,iJ d" iP not rood uoetry but its s ibjAct . 1-ie and ser•rod tiine i-n the e t togeriter ,rorkcrl as 2 nrint•er "'nd th atrical uerf'ormer iss")uri qt..,to Penitentiary d rinr- which time sI11alJ boolr of his Prses . Shnckelford '·T s a n"tive st· dicd Bt an of t.lillia Csnada 1,-rhol\.•t J J 11, ;nnu'"'tri tr..,ining rcho---1 nd "'.Jhe "1. 1 J:ni ideJ phia Art 'useum. r · s ntry_:__a Other i'oems , wss n11bl i'"'hed in PhiJidel·-,hia in 191e . Jamison uublished l,earo .Soldiers n.1'1.d Oth~:' __Poerris ;"l South S~ . about ncnstles in tJ-,P, ldr, (Tl:b"' 7..,+-ter noe:r1 has and ,--.. rry 1 er.hin s" 7 "+;PS t e bt"'Ve --y r:rsndl.r r::i se . 1 11-i!"'.\SP, Jose,,h, love, .is'"'o ,r·, in J 9 lf' . Jamiron -.rr:ites Hope]i::>rsn"'Pf' nd coura"'e of J nc tr')0 s, J" T>'isonf uoint is~ouri, BniJey ' s 0,1 V'1.# vvi~•~ 1r s rcleas ':)d in 1 c 1L! . '' L1he ~l rrro 11 A nntive of l2.c 1 ririrl 11 l"lcwro Soldiers . 1'1~0 of the fle} r of D nb..,'1'> 1 f' "Colored i:::>oldiers" 0 troo s 1-ihose r 1 ,t, fonrrjit instePd oft! roe 1 ·inF 'venaenace for r.heir Fronrs. the hn,.-,dshiur of r f'o'I'> 11 s')uls A ,., ica 11 o~ noeMs( he ,. l llr.r,ame "TI ir t tlin~) 7 oc_;ous to lifr: ej.l , ue 1 r..., al 7 Rt the b"t -:=ind uarn. that the "bal 7 may bP. '\-t' 1 rl0d" as a plea . bot b t ( " r . Self .. is at the 11 �35 ' Jf5 ss Jes,..,ye •·rro te ovi n"' no tr~,r but i~ mu ch bette rork in devclonin · and e dinr ~ rofes:::ional choruses . 1orn in ?nsas, she received music 1 trainin• t •estern Uni re--sity in ovinf to new York hanf'2 s Eind Lan f"J"Ston Frij versi ty in n 1rih.ahoma . Cit~r in the t1-rentics , she contjnued -10-,.,ld.nci- Jorl I R c o .,nosi ti ons "nd thot of t e >nen to ( ilton ' s 7 ,:, c rdtlq oi 0211 i . . ted ribove . r:sap::;uur Her "'onas #., 19311 ) ' "'no. ri'hC' _u ronic l e ir ,J noted in o 1 r d;_ . . c ssion of' A1ex Ro ers , es ye s11ccessf lJ y c ombined tho -roeti_c ?nd the 1"1""ical lang u2g~ (t , "'il".lilrir to str:irt 1-ri th I). Her noem, "The 01 r-)1. t e;,r are so :::i-· naer " rec . . 17 s t 1-rork of Co,..,,..,ot' erf', Dunb,.., ", ,Toh..nson ( J"ries) , noetf' 'mo m for he,,, 0 e rour oth r n' rho 1,,.,vc brj 0 ·en thP g Ein bet rePn t-he t1 o art f'orms . 8.. 1"0 :J II nne i TI • j S"' J eosyP 1 ~ "ior8bucl 11 rlnd ,,,. . i l 8 "'t'n is riot ' • 1· f'e :rirl •-ro,..,·rn(a 7 onc:- vi+-n tl-1 "t of 1 pr r,on+-erin 3,,,,t1 n1 l 9 r7 r 0____ ~_:::J c of' l_:'£__.,...,, ri r,0ns . F1or P. i e::') sec c.'-~ ons , �Dl ring the ueriod of the Renaissanc e , ,,oet~ such as Georgia ( i£>c,c, Johnson f"r:iuset, Anne S enc er , J i c e Dunbs r - 1 el son , ,..,il 1 , §) ci ay , James ~1 e1 don Johnson , .Uandridge and Cott er }m.:bu h"d scriiew d recop;nition before 19?3)) ~ontin ed their o t ut 1 \) I either throur,h me,...,.,zinP- or book · • Hllch of this I! 1-1ork i :G. ~ he i::iook of _.,. '"':"'------""!".""~.it' r • r0corded in Johnson 1 "' _ can 1 1\.erl in ' s '~ . c;J_l ,o tee;ro Poets .-.nd The:i r°'!)oems nd C Poetry of the Negro( l q?l ) , and in other such comnilPtio ns and periodicals . horn in ·~8f't V· r inia ..,nd studiAd et the Virp-inia has Seminary in LyncQburg •r.h 0 r she ~ s ent nost of her life . he re Anne ~pencer F'.1S cent y relocr:i_te d in CaJ ifo rnia ; but .,J s for a 7 ono- time li br'<ria at Dpnb2 r Higr ;jchool in Lynchburg . 'i'his noet ' s 1ro r1.r r--.. h<1 rdl mrer reflPcts r2cj8l or noJitic 1 concerns but she is one of the most technic~11ysure of a 7 J Bl..,ck the oets . She Trites about ,;romcn , love , carnivals nd Jorkings of the •·- - mind . In · ts brevity 2nd conciseness, her noetry m1ticin t~s the work of G,rendoJ~m )rooks and is JooseJy' akin 1 to 'lngel ina Grimk ( trioue;h the latt<'r t s work is re ciaJ _ y - fl::ivorAd) • .-., Fer poetry also be<. rit~ r in the e"rlv yeors of the cen+- 1f! 1 r-ut, of _ _ ~fch 131001'1-i nn., Y'] :i C _ cind st~rle c'- n be seen i'l. Cnre1s," ..,ncj:.her-s) . SJ_ ements · ayden ( 'L A D-i nAt r1i_e Cny,nival. 11 1Te PY:1.el i ve r, 11 "Hi ghl!;;- qi:qsa0'e and -r. }in. t "Dd <J,y,9 told ( jn on echo of the ro wtics, th..,t Rl8ck poet i11. the same ""Oft •lma soI11e k:nshi.n to the 'l'l'J.OV:l 0' C]"Sf' noer1, it E"eer,:.:-, 1rit11 \J , tte-rto11., 0 jc, lln i:.>1--)n]JPv rid h.0"ts. "YJ.c,J<tion'j ·rJ:-,ey,e;n t 1-ro Jov rr nevPr �37 ~ advised, in 1 17 , t ~ be 1¢201{ II col A 197)1, no one STI!"l of ye pro ifi c . "sen"'jtjve,~nd lrnenly ~ t her wider oudience . o mf s,-ucm l x 11 observant" Put as of cvm Pr , e tion . Con::- j d ri n"' h0r 0 f' Y'S, 0r· od · c a ls Fork c·n be fo nd in sever•r:tJ ant11olo,.,.ies nnd Tp,.., of tbe t1-renties . Criticf'll ssse'"'Sm"nts ore,,...--:-,-. n-iven by KerJ·n , rmm ana ohnron • ..:rari.ns \Jelnon Tohnson , ~ , e noted e r j_,-,r , and Other Boe~ ir J917 . Tbe ~,,.,k inc~1ded din l ect •el AS standard .t!,nFJish cor, 8mor"'tive ni Pees . 'ot higbl..,r 0 1 1 f' conventional "ir:inal , the 'ork was one ri.ore ste..., in the lon3 r:tnd frui tf11l dPVPlopm,mt of nerh ::ps t e most i mnortant fi~ure in th hi"'tory of ~""'was involved in ar mriny thinrrs as c o Afte,,., his se e m s ~ d h 0 ve been h nnrnl:--r no "ible . 11 ork on Bro2 d-ray (with 1 ; p:ht operas), he 1-romked for the re -: e l Pction of p'- 1~ck poetry . - -~ t beodore rioosevelt, served as d for his nolit5c<>l 1-rork) in l 1 nit0d 0 t~tes Cons1 l(a re - i c qrarrua and Venezuel ., ub7i:::;hed of Anx ~~ - Colored L edi tori a s ( for r,o· e than 10 ye rs) for the years . A deeply P6'"YCholor;icn.l -Jo rk , l~pw Vorl{ in 1912, wrote ~ r:e and bec8.rie uto b,:ior:r~inhy de" 1 t 1 1i th r 1 1 ch an exDlo!"'ive contenpornry tonic- - tbe theme of ~sint -- thst Jo1nson 10' ld not sffi"" ri"' OTJTl nn:rne to it ti it ~ • "" reissued n i.ntrod ,c · a 'rinr OYl hy t'1e , rl Van Vec'"ten . e.:b th,.,t ,Tohnson I s II rotberr II np ,'h5tfield, Di.l~oi s, -ra,,1 ins flnd oth errs nas ri ;bly Draj sea by Jere just as stronrr rni th. T j 1 ,h.it an, nd if'o rC' ofl' • te ( 11 intel 7 ect ia:J_ sub0tancell . , s r ndnr Bt 0 s �38 ( should be ..,.rn ned -ri th the noblest AT>1ericc.n c,,-,nn1e:rnorati vo "Joems), and 1 1 other jnf1uential crit;ics . "his first book mows "'trenr,th, ,-.. fl 11 virilit 11 and rob F'tne!"s thrit wo11lcl marl{ Johnson 1 s futnre , ritings -- erpPf cially 11 God ' s _ro~12_ones(l 0 ?7) . jiH mhc noems 8re natriotic . . cornrneYrJ.orates the 50 Fi f't y Yorirs 11 wllich anniv1;rs ry of the J'.,,-n_cncine.tjon Procla!'18.tion), nost lr;ic( 11 0 S01 thJ.ana1 1 11 ,descriptivelv 0rr1orous( 11 'l he Glory or' the Day:f 1 ms · n Per Face 11 ) and didncti c ( " 0 rothPrs 11 ) and fundament'l l The J "st ~ i ...,portPnt for for wh t it rncorn.s oem, t;it?\lJ:.~r;t; is as,.,embled, is an ::irtirti c n. le ck 'nn Unkno,-m Bard 11 ) . of the rmkPrs of the inr; actual -rortl.s rivid names from SnjritunJs , ,Jori..nson st renrrt Lind h"'n ho -r :it ar,..is-sry chqr,,ctPri:=itic of the s e sonr-s nirituaJs . reaVPS i n t e hPj. loved !!' i :t?sls\sliWl-- I""""") and to 1 rhich he a"voted so rnu<"'h reseo.rt ch "na J istenin0· ti:r10 . I,.; roouced by he "ays, is ':':hose sirroJe chiJdren of the s n and soil . 1 ~th~ .Johnson 1·n ir,too , that ~ ~ ou1d Dot be • 1 O blcc 8Jnve sin~ rs , ~one, forgot , nf cd , if 1:.rork rl om he d t1--Je torch . AJ tho igh "'ift,~ Yen rs j s a "'tronP-, col 5.d lllW:l '!Ork, r.,ce-r,n,,cc-: nu~ lyrics, es.ten i Yl h · • ~ Ce ws end dll pj n I ti 2 t: Are tnnes that reD at ~hn cry of the hn, rt �39 Jith a woman 1,ho is t intAd bAC'lJ.sc fl C' is e the vj ct ; m 0f One dro p of Y!J.idn; r•ht in the de m of Ji fr, b1 ,rho finds hornitality i n the 11 11 "8tin "t,,,eam 11 s ~his n oem re c nl Js Cott e r ' " ",,he ,,1atto to His Gri ti c s 11 -rhich de icts the preclic8ment;=q:a;n5L( nrobably CottP r riim" J. f ) made up Uf Red 1-12n , but c, h rnh l e fold - - presumabl~r the "9la ck COY'l unitv . rn. 11ti - r ... c ial 1 ll <> cl.r Hr.ln , nri ton , Gel t , nd Scot , ho lo v es tr e dark - s dnned , cur y hai r ed " u ts SF8 t music :in 11 sj ,.,., i la r tension in Y"v :=:0 11, . 1 ti ·rs . JohD!'lOn To l y i::lon ." w. he to ses and turns betuecn n.dvi . . inp; er son th t tri0 "d, sk,_r Dal l o f sriedo s rcrAPn the hirrh,ray o-f Lour sky" :::ind enc o 1rsrrinr; hiin to 11 storrn the sull en fortr0ss :1 fo"Lmded on ra c ism . In additj on to -rritinP- ruch nowerf 7 ~n.d J.r.stin -..,ootr , r·s . Johnson rns of u.•illllll!il;;""1.- "'er'd ce to vou.nrr uri t rs for sev"'-naJ. dAc<>des . bosterl A 4"ernale co mt r - nnrt tn L'Uln-ston lar 1 ~ ~ nna spontan°0U ¾ Me t;nn-c, _ .; 0 Johnson , noetry of the T,. :..\inff'.1 D:i_srnond(]A91-1915r-) rDo did not ntil 19'i-3( 1 J~,,,.,_o__\n_1 l d DiP- ). DisT'"lond , Ji 1 nany -rriters of the p0r; od -1ro d 11 rinf the hen,..,is"'Pnce . Dj_sr1ond nf 1 -Jas not 0 ne of all .0nvis e h:,Tsi c 11y prPsent in nrJ eI11 born in V~rri;inia ::ind, a trock s t r / 'Y)hys;cal thPr>ap_ a f tPr 8tt ndin"" ton , he c1t R, "'h I ecical College 01r~rd lJ"liversity •~c:.demy "'Y).d t o lmivf' r sity of C icar- • �0 Dis ond , 1 ( crisp and noi. rina t poetr ftl o urote some protest , i_s ore im")ortant to us durinr,; 1b.hiirn rr ntcrt 1'h~ \for d I s onthl"" 11 of ove And eriod for his jo rna i"'ti c 101h) for several years . rhey also co-edite ( 11 r ____u orit~ gazi~ d ere they botl-i~ n,,bl isherl poems and ) articles . Tohnson ~ 11' d sPvoral of his nlays performed in C icP l""O ,h th Pekin ,..,he..,tre ~-•llll!tlD==:i111111111Wl!i--l9A.. ic 8nd the H[lr}em ink be+- eon t e noetr o ~ 1 :=, enn s nee . city ' s n Tiesake ni V"r::-i ty 3Dd t,, rr,ht sc:tiooJ for .., ye r in the Sou+-h . Y>7 V ri +-. "'T .,... , b 7 ; " ,.,d noet-r~, one( TittlP D-reaming, 1017) in C ica~o, no ~ y 1 07 ._; • ' ~nc onr'"' of .,_he Soi. l, ~r:inct1 0 - tiP1e . Tr"rr1.o., - J 911 e .. vork e+-;r: ,;p..}-' d hpr'l. 0 Pnetr: (19 ?) - ----r--- pi bl; "17"'0 ~_:- s of iJ,.,r,.ect ~:1e-r· ca, ::-hort ~torie" . A narticinant in t.11."' ''no ,tF-r re"Ti val II in "iiil!!!!!!!ll!~ r for P'"le!:0:Z., 0 nt.hoJ or•v of I and Tn sn ing that he 1.'78 A i lii<"' , orlr Bccented nt1'ol0rie 0 0 ~ ..:_h_e_I fprri foA-';7tr- CPn a c..,,i c<, J0' n~on h A t..-t .Toh son •JaS C Arn.,,,,; f:. Poet-r~ er J t.. '0 -] cna,:,: .. If 11 O"'t of dP-spair nd Jtirnately the S the only noct nriting :.in e: ch ve:.in(as Bro,m , Hedding, ,--- -T0hnson , h ~ ~)!.1'.~i..+-,ics T as+-;~ I-indSA"' 7 aclr Ttlf HOY' CS "'""he and s~ndburg, 7 -- 'A,T)rovi wU ' d~ a,J~ n av0.nue B t in nool'l.~ ~ such as . 11 'Tli red 11 , )7 ~ycr, n mo-re t "'n " dcsrmir .. 11 11 'Tlhc Scarlet omPn" "nd 11 n, lers" he d. s .deflecting, as 3ro m noted , the 1:ree-ro noctry after 19 L~ , 1 resent, 1U s PYnerir:ent,.,tion to Pn_t or into the of \"njo I'O""try only 1 11 II ro o:; n ch tre es of Johnson can de"l ,,ri th either the br Flin rb,,n blues or the do :n- ho-rrie , 111 e sl7all OV"'rcome 11, 111otifs . Ac,, 1ro his �1 ---~ wo T'k do es not contain a cons is tent sni ri t of hope , ,J"mPs ,Johnson 11 ~r~ is m0:::sar:e nirrored ide s 61 ' 11'11. .ll@lllliiijlo_.-s foT'ei.gn to any philosophy of life t 11e 111 e el d on ts no ·ro in Ayrierica h:::-d ever Johnson thou,ht this w s uresched or precticed." bout the s"mc time a R 1 l< enton r- OP7J -l958 G Johnson 1 s ,rork , of the bl es erq -- and ~-is ometiI"l.es f a. l led its "father . " iM!lM"!~me~mml!lliiiiiliw:m~ iR 11 11 riT'0d 11 of,., civilizati0n .Jhich h<>s riv n hir1 0 ~ _ · and find 0 1 1.t th t yo up ore co lorP.d. .. JT'i_ tes about roustabot ts, nror"ti tutes,. 1 laborere ~ 1e pro~oses crr • • • i t is b"tter to die thnn it is to grow Johnso too rnanyll children c'<inricc fn.,,, ther.i. to SJ'1".,,,,.,. in the Ar".ler · can drearJ. . and observes . hat st :vong ri.11 and is , as JFy ·' tli.e p oet of the d:i snossossed . and Fenton Johnson V'"' n-rFints , 311Dt ,--.; ht said of Henry D1 "-J;/:s el so r>J" .... , the noet of the bl 1 es ; San Greenless hris noted"- "the blues "re a freedom song . 11 In br0alrinc a my fro111 tr,.,di t-i onal Bl ac :e ------:-, noetic dic t ion and orm, Johnron not oPJy received influenc0 from the ,h5te exneT'imente r s ,-.... of free veT'~ 0 ; he horro.Jed heAv il v fro~ t~A bl 1 es and , at this level , nmr"t sh"re so~e of the acro l Ades usuall~ rc 5erv d a] sole l ~ for I,anr-·n ton It is no·w re si nn7 M .... 11 o~t '3h-es . idely "CCented tbat the b]ues do not pre8 ch v"A a tion . To t},e contrary, the b J es ) telII\Af:>o onal f~ilures ~ r r'ret 1'18 1 ,er ~ -' I~ ho~e i n the s-i_nD"i_nrr b only one of tbe man~r no et nd n.~ .:'h? .[ o-i11"" on'4- ~~ ~.A-O sA..t.'• •..-•...,.lllliillil••~ Do 1e r0slly beJicve thet Johnson meant for the c"h.il_dr""n to be thro m jn take the bl es dno- r 7 it r"' r ;r uhen h + e river? '1rom_· ses to n;y,no-r>e th n ,-re II y my heR.d ~ �do;;n on some r ilroad track " ? Tohnron ' "' "note of de:::T)air " 0 d·stillation of cyh:i.c1:1l 1..reb the djtties , ( 11 st. rhi_ch ".)l"Oc'li1ced the sorro soncr , the 8nirituals , jolrps, rl ymes ahd blues . At the time John on I,n 1 i s ..., l es, • 11 .,,he 1 II e1'1 his Qlue , " . 1'.)l_A,P.8 and arr8nrin-:: tradi ti onaJ b ~1es ~ --• l . l ].{0 lip 111 eJ 101, .,,..,, s ~aJ.£, -1 .ote JJocr 1luesf ") AC · - 0m~n, II 'It ' e Us Che9r tre tnis Jist " fl] ne is ct Pl> - i th rruj tars BJ ack '"' Pr 11 in reali tyJ nJa y0d "r" ITt,j me t nes of the day . 11 C1e 0 rly this if' ,_, ld be . Tfo n:rPsides 1-.rorl 8S a nrjnce of the bl es t;: • t • 6'7c-tjme")! Johnson '~ is in rrior t :=mtt,oJo "':i.es of Afro-A"leric< n no etry ana cri ti ca 7 ,,eose"'srients of l i" hRV,, ril e"dy been notAd . c sions of th ~or no· e thoro 'P-Jl dis 0 "Oetry - bl e"' c0ncent sAe S+;enhen nenrl rsnn 1 q Unc1erstandina; 1 the Ne -r 'RJ " Ck Poetr:r, At the of oetry b.., ¥ d- m bi b1io,.,.ranhy~ n , h";)+-,er VIT . of t:b0 Sea on Cotter, Jr . r1°a5_ 919) , t;he Drr.:>c-oc·ou::- son of the Cotter already disct ssed . vo1 ' ich ct t st.or i ne hnd to And hie, co le ~ Yi a-vt,.... ne: C/'"\tt9r died /\; the rnoc,t rl t, br->rc11Jic,. c,lim volume DrleT'l ••el"l&issance +- er c an eared e carnc in1ov,,to-r, r,n +- _ _ ~ denth nr0mi::'~t:t.~ o r - Ar1er•ic"n frril from chi dPood li:e. D,nbar , Cotter at Fic,lr Friive.reo. ty ·hen he d vc 0 U"S hj_c, fnthe , Cotter Sl'OF"' peel �- I , f a sh::1rp ...,.K_w=irenes"'- ( in rhe "3--nd of Gide~, 0 8nd an evAn s~..,~ er abi ity to exp~es sentiments Pnd fPelinrs . i~ J}id 1.'h t Shall .l J•nn • "ll in I' rni c" uah,:,s i s nio c os - -thin s i.., 'fhe re of +-11n t~~t nli ht a l onr e c '1.o e s mu ch of Bl" C c A Be"f 1P1'f ) of the pJirhttf1 of B [' Cks ith nther 1 oetry ' . . concerns anticin Iles ear.r 'Rlues , " Jaz z oni" , 1 'naisnl'1ncn , Cnttor ncv"'rt~el 11 ElSS ~ y M• o-nf-- "'nd eoo secs jn the be!'.'.1 t of tre 1 rl re i 1VAIJa t 0 0 1 of i fe an orde r ed by uod , Cotter bofsa.ri 1 -rit i ri~ 1v)AP1 "the Lr r n t M .lf' ic. "11.. 11 ±oeil pllljilllll...liliC'~ - • Hi.s toc},nique , ' s , combines t:b~ bA~t ...+¥"'!!1•~ raditional WentArn ne 1 oetry f r e c ve ~se . ~ · 1/M .r~is n en ~re" b o t m v e of ovc , l~J~• ·. n. , A."'l Becriuse I Am Pl a ck " se 1"1S 7 to h" re berm lookin Somnthinf" io boldir,/J' 11e forr-rard to a - hr'i I c, II '"' 11 7 ,I ,; nong ba ck ! T a ·d , f f' Ll;~ it DOePl o c use .... , 0 ~~t ~ ~~ 1 ;~! 1.rhy whites "re so amazed th t he c n 0 i n the ir i n0rt9nt f 0 ce, II tan d 11 oo k them stra i_ ;ht in tl1e ,..nd ''sn ak their ton~ue ?" Cotters 1,ror,. an e"ns in o.!:._Ar1e_:--'ic..,n JEwro Poetr-rr , ~ o Carav_12, crlin '~ st, d:r( " 'l'he st"MP 0f thr> f icnn riind j s u pon 11 Jott r) , na ,.,. . ""Ofl S ' r Fork nd 1p1-,, b] i '11 ed nor,l otr • ,. I, �" PRO -r.n--rrs: The H rler.i. Renaissance A- ~""" ... ~~~ - -fl.-......., n,,c K~ ': Rert2issan c e(see PActton I of thi::- ch"per) is norn,<>=1Jy recn ou'b-~0 1 rin,.... of cult r"'l ,..nd artiPt:;ic "2 s gl 4 i :ri Jhat Jmros 'C'l don Jorin on act;ivit7 C'"' '3 P :l; 'a" -a2rts 1 E'd the ,lnerrro / 1 tvra actl'aJ 1 y b o-an nnd hou 1onn- it 1 8 sted . Some s y it ti Y'le 19,.,,..., rind -ran un-'-i 7 F'J5. Ot'--,0-r <"'j, e the fi : r ~ ,,,.,mt· oned StiJl G p,,i+---a ;j+,.,+e ) ------------ -- - - 0 ~, fo,,... fm:trln 6if Jiil!lll!Jllt hnve . Ele si.,. nte v 1--,·"' theater, ~ ,,,A· ,, SAd in tho con::- e,,...va.ti ve the ~donted s0n of 2 triornh -rp of a • e-si,odi Pt parsongg , Lan,.,.rton (1on? - lCJ{--7y Ministe~ .~ ' n-hes Gnent 1uch o~ the orc~re ,-...... of thP- in·ent; es trove] jnn-; so did rand0 instances , and h 11 R ov,.,_-, 11 ~P ~o- 191, 8 Claude cn. ayfho orth Africa 11 -- in r1any f _c.u-r ne and lone 1.1rite 2 -rn-;, "teri.ous 2non7r"li +- ~ several ,:;, b ,f"re • Often neither "enaissanco, StArlin 1 11 -ras born in Hew Vo-r1• • ._. , le·thnr Jed C<:l 11 minor 1 i T" 1re uho died ot' a yaoc:s; 1-rit rs of t11e ) nor Arna Bontemns ( foi.,""'l"t!-. ...,._.,. " n 1b J..·,.. 2 l8Jfte 90? - 1973) 6 book'"' d r· C1' th t ,~ 1 J..ri " • e wen t·1 es NT �e Crisis lsbeled the renais of 1,;r_;~or an rebellion , i_s chiefl,r i ..,~1!1!¥11~""~!!11!1!!8!!11'1111'!1~,. for his df 1 Je st Dio 11 ) ~1 f a 'Yl"lo s sonnrt wr i ch windr do1m ( u f ) to the fdlfulo ·Jino- co nlet : 1 Fo,md "'CribblC'<'l on · l'e , ql ls after th 0 Attica l nrisi rr of 7 07'.;)·• r 2fter a s0ries of cs tre bef>in~jn~ of the· arlen 1'12de ,is entry into the 1rorld of 7 Pttors t 1 :o ve2 Y'S earl i.er (1 °17) oeris ( 11 '!C1rlcni Dene er" and of two i~e 11 ri th the publ ice ti nn Invocfltion 11 ' ~ to 1-~,.,,..erica in 191? frol11 arleri ) in Spven .ti..rts lfo.P-R.zine . is nati7e JaP'laica , h0-re h.e- ~ ~ 1 uronean li tor ture and ntd loso hy , State CoJlo e, he f"na7Jy, ent on to Harle~.~ ~ ~ - - - ~ ~ ~ - • ~ '= flnd ,1 , · ~ he worked as a r,oy,tey,, "ai t r Jtre c: t urant nrou · eto - .Tam8ica, oet of a_;a ect 0 cfay ha e"tnbJimod hi s reput tion as a 1 roflec+-i_Y",.,. r; s onP-ti CV~ Voy,k , ~~ ~ )rncvm i-,,. 7;tr:,-.- ~ry nr:id ~ , ro -e ,. 1', d:!:11"1t-4w b; or,-r 2 eavin e nl OY"J.ent ns a no 7 j ce an on the isl<> d . hPE0]-9ct J['ta1:>1;"'lino~ '18 Before :iife - lonrr fr "end~hip 'Tith oljtic 1 circlAS, 0 ax :Enc,t an( rho hi cal note for • c:c;:::::::1:±:a•1z·NN!• c ay counted nrionc: his friends some �to A Pric VO l 1 7 03 1• fn~o 1s critic ·arle!"' .::>c 0 r'liere ~~ •ITe 8 ( 7 ')?0 , I . A. Richards) · do·rn(lq-,?_ ~ nn __ Son,.,.s of-----,Jrunaic8 ""r 'Y'd ""'Ued in 19 1 9 __,;__.._ CookP , 0 pe0 # tro~edy , by th0 .,.''fl!lll•-.m:..llilli~ of' '1 7 ncl s . in his l i ·e • "11_.1 t it ,h re :-1. T~ neT,r vol 1me of' nrose 0 ind Le•non J" ef ferso,.1:, 1 '>,ou~ he l 00 hed o, t 0 nd Fn s t n~c 'Y'e ot er cont'Y'aditions nd -~ e,rs to rruch of rN' din .,. his a l to bi o f"t'" nhy ( nn I,eroy G..., rr , 1--ie denied th t tf'P ' in ho rev r , c·n b0 ~~ine1 b T,onL__ __ __ __9r,e, 1037 , J 70), his e a)"o 1 or o· C il"'" ..., C ,J I"\ l •. 1-ie best "o ·rco �; ronic that · c av'---- i tt: ritban C, c 17 ed tli.e "Y)n';t of ,,r- ·n"'( arr_om__He?ais""'~..:)c"]l9 hi...,, k hlricl, Prome si-ce nont of his noe~e clonl 1ith ~~~~~- ~liPt t uics c,uch eus," s (' '- 7 • 7 1· ~ " - J_(.,/{.~~4"'/7/ n1or.her, nature, rio"·,,n_ ,.,.io, _one incs", I\.:. ) C, "nd dAscrinti0nr 0r Of noe~s he nub]t"hPd onJy about 1 jternrly dozens of - can be c .11 Of co rse ~he-,.,e is*Pethin.,. 11 eel nngry!' ~ m w'- i, 0 And ,: ar.t ..,r8rp f'S steel with discontent, •• •, Auch in much of t:1e TJO violent. · • ~~t~ ...._An~ most Arnnrican lif8 4'.ClTPpnrloare,~ -~n th·s sen.e ~ locks tr,r '-:;:b nt is not overtl is tr e of'~pr,rclay In,-,c· co' ld be l..,_bP 10 c miiild:m 11 .,,i 1 :·tant 11 or ,.,n+i "'m"L, nolarizinc ten"'i oni37'iSh,..,t ,.,,a!re nno . ., , R" I •·i7 1 c0r1e b ck to 11 violr=mt" --h"rhori11 , "n r 1 ri thin 2 f in-er.xf rame • ~ s it~$, orld of tears, . h3st influ ncos on P .ack thou3ht and art of his d 0 T cKqy -n0rha1:s did nor, 1 no,r:I thflt hi , Fri tin'"';s insnired vo.rio~nokesme.n ror Africnn notinnalis~: Leo old ~ed r Senr,hor, J ~mane Soce~ Aime ir toda Ceso·re ~ial• ~~::::Wl.w;-,~~iiiiila betneon h0,\..,,,i~itnnt •1r,i+;nri-s of the t.d11 .,,ro - 'ln 1- ~j ~ seen , JO(Q ' c:i ,~'3 xH) 1;, d 1 rino- this n0.riod, · nter~"'ts in _. n some I he f'n l. ']--d"::-; Phit,e" 0r01 nd ·or lin $@Pf i BliPP/W. Jl st ated ond ~ rif'J'Jerns U')f.JU.L r c;;." c5 noted mi tos . I•'or ere indic +·,·nrr a ne r ....._ n--tj on lnclT"', inf' ired b: tho --·ro 1 -rn s 1 nnr ro..,ean co,,ntri 1 M[' d cha:rr1on n d Emt rtn ined sc·nlined anr:;er of his l2c 1rn , ~ iti the r- 0 , h ro nd rec worJd r~ f 101 "nd 11ronn anda in �, . 11 non'"Ct - t,.. .., rAc:'lies 11 and D""'M;on in ~ i-:'1.err::t . ove n.]7 n~ f is a noet of prission , tlfii"'-1-., di. efore in 11 , sa,rs exprn::::'"'ed 11 0 iord in jq n·r e"coJ n0W1'"' 7i 1 •p to 3ino-, T L0ve 7 II 11 1 .t'olnrit"'T~'. 11 in the h" rids of whites- -or as a prod , ct of ~ct:ence, 0 ther 11 ~~•----i- ite Cjty, ..,,~ger !lnd hatred . no0tF1J(D, ois, :inc' ence the ryoet of h8te . hr If nlled e]<'lnn ,Tot>n:--or1 J&iJ'lC<" 11 fee jn.-- is S,c L1l::1tto,' B t , es tern ri cl·nP.s" ~t:~ .~ ~ t h e ,,'J:/tJu.~£ • ~ ~-•-'!'lt t.,o,...1ec; iri the Hnrv of' c ;r "re t'h "" in ortrnce of tl--ie e"rth( nc1 ~· e c,-, intry'"'ide) , o.i."i 1 lf'iOrunP. t(_ lith 0./ Bl c 1 v5rtuos c i ~ l:la c e -r ri dA r c e 1 e b r 0 ti on"' ,_,.f~:;;J;.....o8-.-~~~~B•1·iiiir..12!2.ia.M""'' c • f . , "F < r l em Dancor 11 ) , a P fric"n cro'"'rroac, /\,:~~iPit ali::::~ 'nd re 1 i ("ion.:-1. - ri"'1ti id T'l "no ~ m n ~~--~ii.i.iii!i8"""'1'~~ Afri c..,, 1 Tarlcm as (; d J. _, P r,[ kP son ..... et f'orm.• vse of the . . ,.., , ct '"S .., "Jolitic...,]/P"ciaJ ,ro::iDon, he P'l'lrt be i en c redit l:),-,i_nr (jn"te 0 0 o:" t(1 :isp·1ra ed- -c.f ., form ; n+;o D T~,0' ins) for ~ v~hj c 7 e of protest, Jove :=ind re ce +, Dride . rnin •P tl•dr 11 hfute" b b"'P.rvcd th"t �11 ~atdns Ol')ened hi"' "'Onrrnt to Tbe l~ew er-ro " 1ith -ut in no othe:r' m1JtI1:tr:om nu"'rter, before or since cJ: y , does I cian Fe thinks ; n bJ c 1c. Bl..., c k R. C and trPp;~ ; rony --1-1i th the f:'o n net . G'wnndolyn 'Q '""' .ri 1 1 11 er me""lor'-- ble " so l!lter invent 7 And C • len I s 7 -:-!... ~n01 res -1i th 1 7LAP inconcl rivenPSS that vPr es on /\1 1._ ~ c ritics 'el'l into cco nt . cKa, ''b. , ,, 1 i 7 f u o ~ ~Tohnson . For - C ay he sonnet i"' r.ontrolJ od an,,.er . 'is i,.. in the "'trait - j c 1ret of -t-h0 ,j' ... 8 loose form of theropy -- Bc ~tir1/J'3 an,.,.er of n"ti ve f-1 ;te liternry J<:irrp:d C!l menitics . i.re c <:1 ,.,. t Ta nts to be freed . is open - endedness r-r:ro rn ,7,uc 1• n , J!f. ~ r centlh.ries 1-1'1en I-"'c ay Tr r,edy , u "The " As a c orrect and c aref 1 y II <"$ id §PtiP n1' iJtl're<i dP rJ inr of ~es t0rn l')O etr""r , the " 1 f' n.,..., t sed it . lv-- d beon in the ~~ /('."1;11,i,~,..."""IIP., J.ines(in varirn's stanzaic natternr) , it is de jr:rned to nose so irm in i for " ...,,. - h1le , an d close in a of • robl em neat ans' ~e' # .s nt-.,. e~ ' te t ine nine) or tl--ie se"'tet . Presto { ~ "'t 1 i in ''bo J vi ng •I I, ,.... " r1athernat:i_cs 0r c"'lc ,1 -µ • /\-'JaA I,]' 14 the 'race prob e l- o rover iq not c annot I (' ite so e[•s:r . oner .Crfl..Y fr· .,____t "solve 11 a lvnchinrr . ut r'e paces it lyncrinrsit1 the rnoRt nne,"'0r1e, ,..r 'esorrie context by er:_u 0 tinp- the A.: ..,- pj V; ~'t ~ to t e cr·,c5_ fiy-:0..,.., nf' ~ ,...i:--t(ro0 C1 ~'.~ p ~ f..., i in ,...esoJ ' +-1,-,, n.,.,8 7 And_ ·_t-;le t lad:::i, lvncl"'P,...s t -0t Dnncen r01.ino t ~ § . d f C PsrJ.~r -l- i_q is not !\r"l0 7,, or Sant- ll 7 lert 1 s he 1 ,-,a rcli; us p,.-,,.-, 1 1 cl~ Ghrist , :=c,...;Si'1 . lt 1•½ ~ to be , th.~nrr ;.,.., fi endi rh rrl "'0 . "' P.tr2rc0, Sl- f'Elesne ... ,...0, Snenf'r, 1 'nd .- Pverl _.;;> • J ton , ro1 Pn C()"TlG �50 ,c r.i v 1 "' PO being rk. 11 nr"'"'ti r:;e II ant:bolop;:i es ( orton, renresent0d even i w,; -e vlnrren , t, .... · es in Lit0rnture and others ). The mo"'t c""lb itious '"'tud 'he_ nnitcd JC an of Hclhy tn date is by ro S e s, >1 incJ aes 0')'1 P ,-, ( 1 T lroo rn-Le1.ri s - Pl .., C lr p O e t rr:.i. tin r• S 1 t ·qg,rl\ S ) • ) 2 1q~ i~ Arthur P. LJavis 1 s ~rom the -- ·- - - ' ::mnendixes to nost antholop-ies , 1 tbe biblior:-r:-,phy section of thjfl Fork , and e~ ec:iflJly the 1:i"tingc-; in Blnck fl re bl oodeo '')J oy, ceven rnciq] "trains "nd looked re· P,('. ten .uvidPDCC to r ' ,.,ort the fact tl1nt .oomerl\ · - blood and 11 n"'",...E'd 11 C'"'nnot be fond in his I'l"ior neith ' ' 0 NI'. 1 ' Tork --Cane(l0?3) . ,. ':f.lhe 71ue written jn J93A and fladly 11 rirlilln, b ' overlooked, i-r 1.·ric:1 he tries to unite ..-., the disparate eleY!l.,,nts "'OD les"l-ii 1 -ton, 'TlOt"l r " 0rtJy " ·tor l::i±R he 1ras born in hif' mot},,..-,, e co >1 n t 11,... ,_-: '-'f ter of p d_,, .s. ,,,ently -:ncrbac ' Pil c ' ' rea of iap 1.-i nn-ton . It ' rit "'1d robl'"'tness:"r,o,..-,e found sr:f) ore color , >no-r-e "'8iety. 11 Af~er ). c: OQl11°r ' r. T?")"t 11.t Io' i"iana "na re- 7 oc to ; n 7 mhri pv in rr, t .,oo'ller s her0 t 1 0"'1otion , more rh:rt11 , t t andin,.,. local lb}-ic ~chools "'1 'includinr- D111.b2r> i )') another , nPver becomin ~~!!lrU P!"lr0 1 1 o ~ c in on0 colle e v <"'Prio"s dor'rPe ,., nclid....,te . l'rol"'! ~ rent t' r0 fin. 11, ft8r ~ 11 ~·li_ ., ::'Pries of jobs , d ·nuttin J.E'1f' in "'"VP,....a] "vqrt- a,....de J.ittlr-> T'1."rra7in0s . l'oomer J-, J J 11 • stories JS gj b? �l'nf'on, A}f'red Stie"·litz, P Gorh"Y"l P . ~o"enfeld , I{enneth Burke 1 0 T L ter , ana other" . fn lr months) of a sm"l 'i'oomn-r 1 ~ j fe -ret, y,rierl. to " nsvc,...,olor;ic"J disarray" r-el f - ·n· fyin 1 ...., a 0 nd he turned to mcthodolo,.,....J • . USSlf1n, ,. r1ile :be also J-:vcd A.,,,. 'l'o mer 11 I dn "'1'1 'Y>Y'-i ,~,,j osflxuo1l e:·o,,r-iP" rt:=iJ co "lune . :.rn ou · cir p11~ces ion ,in ' ; l; ~ fter r.b S8C"'Ylr1 pned: ed -1-,iro l,Th; ~" l 0"'1en . not Jrnn•r ! '1 VP • r • 1 7 i •re O 8 r ' ns. II 7 l f lf'iO c1"'nyi n er othPr, J }"l'"'VP- '"')UP-ht to let th,"1 Ji1( i, h -rr."'10ny . ••·t ·n t;he Arirl ~ S ,, y,onPr" of' Y'l"'Centi vi t:r i nc-rPc f' 0( , I lfi'o nd riy~ elf 7 ovi n it. iv " +- J co,,lc nev r love th0. oth r . �Al thourr)l .Tr.iTrJez •eldon .Tohnson comT) eined tb"t i'oonier r~f sect.( 1 le edly o t of conte~pt for reciaJ ca+-erorizinr) to be incl ( c0nv r,uti.on b0tire n 0t r iri ..,..~!!!!"'!"--"!~<~:~r~~➔l'.""'""'":"!'~C~'~' .._.. . . . ded 5n the c:oecond h ,r,n '3ro·m EJnd ,Te n ·11-feeJin s ~ the t o rPnaiss"nce f5,.,.·lre on +-he ,..., !'.'.1Ck intelle ct als of the otrrr , rj t r ouite the r l' 1 rim E'""'1 t 0 d 1 ri tb lit rat"re y he cli_d . "l"!cmviniw:rimrfl:':m?!Pl ~ er8. o denicted Sl<1cks_.,...,~,.,,'°-"- Ol!l'lit - ut al · 11fluence t eer11s to ~ ve ~:-,-x occured between hi.'111 and .1",,...t ::;r8ne . And Roh0rt. Bone( ec,,...o ovel in .Americe 6 "ne on iir7 e~e 7 T~ir is all P-Ur --,ri sinp; si "1.Ce :iall C"ne so J d l As a -rorlr of art , unit, 01 'D J ou1i. with ~ s t ~ s than ever, it ,,...0f'Jncts room r 1 iot. 51n coufues . s ef+>ort" to acriA of both c:oeJf "Dd m1.rnos~ . ~ C"lled V",,,iousJ ' a novel, a coJlecti n of def' er rnJ:.e S0nr o-P {o:,"ri_i, Craka, and tbe rhvt 11JC' of' ..,d ot,hmr, onl · ld d by l"cl ""1iritu'litv fro - ,,1Pri b 8 11 ritual . C8ll!le h8s three b"sic movP ents -- ---- oomer 1ad be An int ,,...e,,.ted ·in )OtJ:. musi c cmn os5. ti on Pnd nai nti n .,--wriich i D.VO l ve ( 1) llAor i a and +-he 0ovt"h , ( '"J) C ic r;o , lPslingt-o~, D•• and the .,,..-iYJ. whPre Too'11.E"'r ·mxe" In thP first prirt of C:-;:;-fl many 0f C\ectinn, ~ . · +-h0re "re Ul'YrI"'r0l'S nj ctl1 res of vonien, ,, 1 ~ , thc>vriA. Jike 8rin+-b<1 , poned to0 f''Jon . 11 In t 18 sec 011.d vie1P rban ~oome,,... r ?i0QC~ 'orthern ec~dence t·•~~~ "nd c0rr•rytion ano no,,...thern I\ ~ , �53 ~ ed,· c tor o 8 ot,th(Georgi a ) to find h; s f' frj c an roQts . lie rather ~~ ~ cl 'rls iJ.y /\t-,,,ro11f!}J. a Peries of :rite s dur · ne: uhi cr ; sm to Toomer uses rw-~--~. reirrhten the ~an ' s fer and co~n l ex s " f:'bnis ", is airii 0 r to n l ay . 8 -r>intha 1 s "''dn " is l ilrn d sk on thP. Crstern 11 horizon nnd i I d.1 ,, ·,. 11 o rdP in t h e •1. es ays the nlirr,ht rnc 11 east0rn . ·oys of 11 ro gh out tr _ b oo:V , 'toomer r e s thy,ouph ti ~ t nd "'ometjmGs eni C"'J']."ti c DOPtr'r • e ven P1ore J e" XlR , 8S 0 f aIT1 crorPs b t 11 i n t,.__ IL"'auer II sh" r ryenj no- their f' cy t ~es for Jso ,~Qoi•_.~, fbr a P1"'S'""qcre . P,l~ck beauty is onetime"' su~,r:5 sin° in -!-;he con text of 1,rhi te be r rennesf' Pnd b1· t 11 1 ovembAr C('\ it ton ~,t_ ov ,,,., ri '"''1cd . .... ri.,.,,P f'::i 41 fJowr: r ~ ' ""' nrr~< t;o,,.. and nine ne d 0 • T")J"""TI I ... n ()O>TlflT' ns 1,e co1 J.c~ ,,..e"'t i t.. ,,,J, - , , -11ri - -of the :::PVP-r>e l both1~1· , p _ ,..., ck roman in f',,-r> 0 ·e -r>' 1 .;n a S0n , II of PY>':::lc:<,ns 11 7a -f' o•J l if'e) . In the ~netr;r .::'nom r ·rrites l ;n' p. . -rnenoed, rome 11ev r b 11 Fact! " is nn old , tired p · c-' r"'l(r:i,....,i11. r11ral vs -y s n, 11 i t:r : 11 "'nd t e cane scrmts ·,o p0Pt c-pi l the li ves -- bro rnn, dama 4ed . t:,ncl1,., .;.• PrJ.or m aues rion . ., d · r0PJ.en 1,rho , nd +:1- r-. con cent for C -2.1~• �'1'he "'OD "inrs : Po r O po1 r t1i. t ,,qrtine; '"0ll l in "0n , the trRdi t i on is j n tact .!Xn xm x ,T st 11 -oou r" the ~on I nd let ~11. vrlJe CBl"'ry it a1ona . And l et the •r~lley c rry it ::- J onr . The "'onr-s of' · n the , e ,...8 11 "' v0rr 11 ,Jill be tranrforrri.ed into bril] i ant dirr·es , n""'ecr-rij 11 a the birth of bi r- R 7 ck ,i2 sz b"nd ( 2nd fol 7 o,Jiri('1' +J,e b 7 1 Pr( i?;J. a ndy and oth r T ). h0 oni c co,.,,no,..; tion , "'ti_ 1 •Jl J · np;ton ) plaintive "'OllX ,-ri l by ,,., o t J s ~ I." l{rmnd 1,y "OTie to a C"eries of "'tri"tj . s 1rntc11.e:::: , S"VTI'p' sie , b - otrc>t"J to nbe "'"'TD CO "t ttaf 3-t_blendin s of Af'a,0 - Arpri.c":1 foll,. rm si c , Cane -- "cco,...d"nr: to one critic - -" " at 1e"st t ro rlr>c"rle"' ahP:,d of the era in nhich i_n rork of "rt, is :omm.mifrm ' . e "RJ ue eri rl. i. an . r s rr · tten . ea.· i 1-y i 11 ri f'1 ,,, c cd by F.ane , overlnolu,r f'or v0·1 sand XN: i.-. fina11, "S X C SC f PGPlS nd to be 100'111''r 1 e "' q lot to 'i:.:iJt -· tm~n ; its s· ·eep ..i.tiW -=::::a...- ~~ e " ' of Sand urf" . nur"l a de n°.,,...-fj rial 0:Pfort to ~Htti:Jfrrd?J:m .... ,,, t ' , pJrmt: t" of rill1S"'J f P dli ff0rent 11 lj ve jn h rljlOilY 11 . ot h"d )-neJ led tlie do0m p"' -l- 0 rri ci vi 7 izati rm in J 9 ??. ( n11_e • aste_l · nd) :1nd 0 f.1\1;:, -l-' ,,_ . s. otJ:, -ritPrs er,,r-3 , •·0.s intent . nt olo iz, d in Back -- y c ourc: P, ½_rd h d PrococlPd '""l i ot . ·it]:, t1i.i.s , 0€\d h j "11 • .c~nnton rocl,, 'J.<>tion . ohn!:'on, of Toorie,... h d �55 :Sut it i"" in 11 1.e.,,,i<'li qn 11 th t h t r1Jch fatP ~rrl~~~~;~~irht not be u1de erved . "c rving ~en end h·rrl 1 - 1 t1 -- et me? ite n; "'f""Prs ,--trike -,rour choice. ir e r'"'ft, ese orif'n'"' nf dooI'l come in the first "ecti.on "'3 t the fecono rec'~i Prh.,n"' , ,n lvral<i::,, +-11e co-rn-inrr of C ire lrno -r a] d 8 1 t 1ese 1,T tr>o bled 1 r,hi'Y]_r·~ 11 • 0-_rl.~JJ~~'G ~ -N . ~'i\thefvno!'e l Pttf'rs . rp-ec,ted . For S omer . red thf!;!-A~ ..........,~ 1' 7 re l C ., "t I ..t.. curio 1 s student, 0f 0ne of' t1--io m0st cornp7c x •or'{ nd cross between 8 nn;-cent sex., it s ., bo-•P 1-iotr. s"'X nnd rr cc if 7 i fe -i b l ,i te P1"n, ~ven sex 8.l cro"' ses ., r e s ., te"'nri-et• .,bo 1 '°'; hiR JC' orimer , ' OS " e uoem . ne r n:n(for thP 1~ plp vqted abo•e race and other pro bl em.::-- . Bl f t nd,,,,-ixt,t e 0f r"ces .,nd co1ors) 1-iho i"' spirjt qJlxy l'.l Rnd nsychir he orJ. d or1J.en 11 and We tre eJ7 nigae s no 1 r-tl8clr ni ·rrers, 1.e 1 ,en-i_ures in A'Yt e1 i cf-ln 'r0omP.r '"' is an a ch iPver,ent to be •"l"' tever t:b e ov.tcome , recboned ni th . A f'ro--"- re a 7 so r 'Jr or · "'ms " - - i. n 19 3 l • obio ranhy, Drir~h ,·n,p of l oc1r ~C o'd:,.n -/1:1 ·< ner t P oo'l"l0 no,=,tc of' t 0';1,-,ey, , ,. it;C,.. l1 l"'PY)" i « "'"T'Cf) ~ i t if' C"l")Od . 11rn 1 rn , rte de in , c1in Ur'"' 1 0 rr,r-r l n roy,lr ill V"rir:,•"' 9 i. 7 7 I c 11 ,T .... n r00r1er: An An otqtE'd ChAclr7 i. t ~-• •=~~::::ip- qnrl h 11 1n ..... () 1 n ()f 1 -]ri t; ci , ,t "'CT nf' r h;h1·,.., r nrv. ��S7 ~~~ , r 18 • ,.,_ r C, 7 7 en r "' ,.::.•._ · i th : o < ,re , - p f" ■ ~ ,.rh hi r re ,co~ a; ub j_"'hec ~ t a r o _ f'Dd ~ ..._•~-,c,i~•----- ,, ~ Sil a s 2 laiilr? a , ~ ,, st,,<'lent ~ 1 4 n,oetr his f " rst hnok(6olor, 7~?5 J. of n1i,-; s "'1" fj rst ti"llc, ::in e t·mc in ~ nJ.,,-,o t r·· rst "'.'lnet . It nl sn rr.flrked t e Pl "Ck rlrod the ~ p'.Pn P'Y'::l,] 1 • r \T Y f: trrrdit-;orf'o r ~nry75ctJ ,J ats :-,n(l Shel~ y. rrri. P-bt h r b,-,0 ch "r of 1 00I'lflY' 1 To} ou. "!"'1'1n; " live Black noet • c oetry. 4','1 . ~ e e~nP1c i ally ~ 1 · "ck' " • - t t ,,., () t i r i t ..,, , ()11 ' t hr rhl or f. hJ q ~ ,-, n n6~ .-0~~ oet"'. n1 • l\.."ri n +- !Cl "IT n~on, -rwt re• ~ riJ--~ • 'v,'\ not , ~ th "lr'l"'i ti 011, for " 0r'"' 7 e i ?n Y)C, 'hlp • ll • +-0 ~ "' rin occnsion h r, 'ch,.. t- 11 ~~ 1, l l .i,.., o,__ l P fot""'l of " ' f'o ·r"rd +-0 C'Ol"'l nrn +,i 0 i r tl P )""'O bP bi 7 it t1~ t Cp olinn' �, I ; "vn 1 .,sA by r ;rs r 1 bscribe to tt,j o "'l"rti c ,1~ As the tic t 11 ~ ~ for T>111ch ~ ri+-nvi.stic ye,..rninr:s t01 8.re'S ~~r i r verre ." Tee;ro tJoets ratl:ienffl tllan an antri'"' ogy of found in ear },i_!=l S0me Poe~s(J 0 3~)Pn~ his ~ley--=--!3-:°ve s r of h1. s ~ f'2 0Ptry can b e <1U vol r nr f-r>ic a n i 0(Co or) as r ems , On ,e I g+ .... nd'l047 ) . C len ' ---::::::::::::::::=-;::;:;tj,,·1~~~~.,.,~;;.:_:=-r.~ , transl8ted n_d_ 0 el in his l a t ____ 1 rr to m.l.I'19rou and s 'IFt o r l~.,,...ics for nusic "O-r>rnd on ,.. d.r"TI"'tic 80" ( "Saint I,., is ,Jo'11"n" n0 _ o~ ,.. = ___,__ __ ~0 eFvan. -· --· .,. i·ith trP Inrd nr to t 0 '}nd , t½.at: r:.odlc Yet do - 0f Jo11.te 01'")r novel: l.:rod 8 0 0 ('n'"' In ) s1':s God tbr .Afro - "'1.P:rican poet , occurs . c0nc~ 1 oinp , after hif:.h Y)rai se of ~nrrrl "'t this curious thing-- ~o m~ 1 ea nnet bl'ck nd eu "nd Unusu,..l r Pre erroes . And '[\ s ~ oet J"'VOS \ If soi n h P r:·o. e ·-1-v,m ' freor beauty . is true but C,, 7 1 en 1 " Fh it o ,. . r 01 1 t of his obili+-;""r to ,..,ndle �a 11,.... ven ,i. o.,. o trjr 1-s 11 b 7 n_c·- ('. C!erv2n+-:3 Prl, ~ ' "- ~11 o ~onl• 11 P1· c"1i d Cf n E'"'ti"l ~1-0,.0° . ' e of Sac~0 "nd "Arterican no~t,fjb 'nnzetti , eo~ f!,; ,, Q," ot 'defen<'lj,,,r "Rlnc'~ boys l{an •nron 1 d A.~ Pil A]ab:?!'1.P Co,·rt . Colord" tre hanced The ~ 11 reir cP.·1se, _; il:len says , is '"'lf'o 1 ~ 11 sL(.)rt 11 ( _ devi""lely i .e., (J I ,. on ::. "ne"er Cal vary . 11 "'n1p . ' 1 Tn lac') i~•-rr umd C , J~n I s Jon,,."' s t -0~f ~+-~~ ,___,--:-,_e_ _t,_'-,_-e_w t~nt~~~P,~Il~ _ · '-' nck Cririst ( I' bJ.; she· in France) . 0l"'"n . Tj "Pl • to the s 7 ynchAd, ~ ar south"r'f'l ~ T O "". ~ ;i- lynch-~ng, nn thP rt0ddinr c"lled trE> ~oem • c,ildic;h J.1'--"·"'t · is>"'l. of or, dll m~-rc< ~:i ci n-rn ,, . E' b8d dream . " ~ndeed., des-rite f~ -}_-I(' /\f •T'"' f'; "~e VE''1.f' S"' n ccn ,,,~J 0s"' 0 ·~h r ,,oerr's)., Do 1 t'VPl . ll �, f9 . 1 I ~ ~lec1-:: pnrrer) ~ i_n ")l' ck grief ntinu"ted noet;c clothjn~ . -,i.11.-,.., noetr:) 8re r'"'ce nride , encl r"ric,.,,, ~ PrevaJent thel'l.es in Cullen 1 P be no r 9e? 11 cynicism , rnd t v~ I Afr;ca( t o 1111 ) , ~ er5.tarre 11 8.nd m ny o+-hers), reli"'.ious and 9,nd psvcroln •ic8l conflj ct, love rnd death , sniri t :t.12 " Ql ' A " ti '8.] freedo , feri ori ty , or !J-f ue -,,,conri 1 or r cial i 0 thP tensions craat ed h;:r bein roma tic ;1n:\-tive ~ 1- ite"' ,A,C l--iric,t "S a fl,mbol the n 11. ,,.l-1 t o f of c0nfl.; ct 2nd c0nt:y,ndj cti on . Cullen c,aw A_re faJo-Arrieric ns as J n a Ch-r>5 pt-j w 1 ~ as t ruP t r rrpav( • ,h · s l'l"'S thr01 ,.,.h in "Tlany of his -noer1p , but roi"Tiantly in ~ .. 1 Sot R r-ck 81on,.,. I "Bc.yrit...,Cl'e": e rn i~Je boaet ; d es , s o f th e tm c e - t,, -r.n 0 d ch e e r , /it 1. mouth thus, in my beart -rr Do I .,, ";/ do1JbJ e '1 ,...,ck A'11ericrin, traprn')d iri Christian attirej b -r:ior t::be .Z:ac1r o:r. d 1 C'"'t;on r~.:1--~ 'l"\T ' rit,., a finrl _.,, 7 J .:l rr"O...,<"'c'1 ..., rr,.,,,1'18 ,,,... nnr 8 8 J.-7 f1Cl i"' Jj •e,,.. :d 11 ied to C +-1--,nt C 11en ~ ,7 i i r.}i tuous 11 5lbe.,,,t cel]s it i"' in<" Br' d" tr~ co11.t0 ~ ...,rt. ur::::P. 11 1 1 ,'1t'...!r(iAY 2_ ,.il~~ .T.'oOI''lE""" t/(~ r~c- 0 nirrht ," ci e T"'n~ed to II,, in the- de"'ol "tP nc' inrido '"'0)11 ci i ~- :• L4av ,.(.j} timAs d "'0ftsczm:xr'1ig: ''"'· 7JJJ1t10. ,Jild•l'."noss of J f'Il "hook . , ,.,cks 11 �i"' nnblP. to l e •tl 1,.. . 1 r>ey "nd I d.e:::n · t '"' 'h A" rt nd hP,"d" lrno -~ ,_ t,..._ .l-' t arc cjv "lized the :runremitt1nt beat" of hi"' 5nnres<1ive i".l ~·-de "1......-rivi 0 r .=__..., tetr metc1r A-c las.,.;c '"'t~tem0nt _, on t h e ~ i n r s of' a"' the mind nd of' a a]ien -ror1d, 11 te-,,jt...,,..,.e• 1 h C1 i "' v0t to be s,.,en ~ t11.e ·"1.anv ," f,._ ;n an svcholo icul ~~ . dir10ns i ons +-1-,,.. t rPJ ated 7 1 en . his a:ncl t,.j 43rr themes nlso ~ervade ot. r ioems by \2._~ C i mi l"' r rvv,~-~i " ired b bis _ Or-Dortl · t"lr • C' ...---,_ Al tl-io11p•h ~l"C { a-y>t; csts •1nd thi to ree , 11 t y 1{ rs 11 ,rprc not 'mt 0.i !-;h0r f, ce destr ction 1"1"00 cte!' r:illy their ~otentj al 01' -Jenr or ~ m" S 1?" r'Ild "tenc O r "nd n. t""9 e) ~'"'Olli zinrr needs• ,t C 1.l en "7 'Pd. the ecl:rn of th hu.'TIB.r1 pnrt . - o Cechnfoue c t=nr ift'"' 1 ; J 7 n-T H s . ., J 7 P-r> ,.., 11 1ritos 8S 11 J-i 0 ml ~eel!n " • :nc1 : t: ----- . i or-ntif · es f'J' ed r.d n. 7-'"' to nsn-P irls s . h-':; tie co0s 0 c 1 r 1 i 11 • 11 St r 7 • n ...,. ...., ro nn II bolt ,lock force ·nd i~tel!ectuol verac;ty ':,c~jc•s ond d -'-'dn::, ::;~ . V; ..,cent his 1 'Sc½ -·.,,"",,.,, , ' , , d ~ ed n,,bStc" !ones 0 f-1 ens e-'.)j-+-.anris to them , nrrJif'h verre :f'OY'l"1S is 11at as ·',,,ta.rtl;ngn as brin~ a 11ri -res k -riro t titutes , abo t =any :m ny 11 bro,:rn 11 d ~ 80 do , the rorrif1ntics out . , l h s (~e_ �ed F0nton Johnson , ~nd others h d co~e to kno r neddinS th A Ayes of a .. into ,1- b 2.• t t er . ·'1 l n C, 7. 7_ en 1 s 11 t i Yl e --~ ..,, ·or:ir-in ..,., -ri f 8 e. o ' C 1 0 .... t 11 OD I S critics aJlude O rlr • o is ct once shrinlki ng Pnd bold, s1rnct at . t ic . 11 or vis c not re :i 7 7,r th r-ort ,,,G 11 nd . 7 pr1m1 t i. ve ' DlPCe s ol"le f ee_.s • • 1--i_jrn'"'e] f - - r.mch lilfe 0 11.e feeJ s in r0. 0 ing i +,p C·ll Jon .,,.,oYYJ.ain"' one of ho br5.J Jent Metea,,ri tes of ~le. cl- noetr"T . c-- even - is ~ -pa"<""lon h s Y""t to ½e su:r·--2.sSP() • 0 1 mon("J' illlllllr c0ntcnnoY>[1-ry A-rro - .B:r>i. ricfln no tr . ~ ~ our:71 he does not convi n e e the r"' der -r,hat he ,.o, lcl "'ctu 17 ,r "Z,... 1 doec (ijc:<-:;n J ({) . d11r1n/J'-J T l aclc i f r, '7n "strip! ;.,.,-+-9Jl0ctu'<] . ,, 11 2nd do tho "I ovrr 1 .... d2ncP ! J:.-, Afy,icens j 11. A . ' . ca C"t 'u"dns ( ...:"E' em he'lo.iz oncc J, 0 · l~er1s I\ J d"tc ~nd incicive as"98flT'1Allt* of Cu:iJen . Soc , cJ.so, critj isrn b-,r Rcri.enib red,, the o f1r-r Fhicb dh roni W Ps the ne..., th - . -OM9-~'') vn-rteJ< I:.,,_, t PO . '1q_n7,r oetf crin+;"inr the "TlO,t un to~ ,Tnhn°on, 1 efrlinro , - _._en_ onte•,"" ~ i"'t5.n""s in the Ch llen sectjnn of 1 1-,,01m, J.?cl •rit rs of A 1p.-rj c -.- to0j oi:rr• nh"'r - -------11 , "S --·o - i"' 11 • ed i_p 1927, the e"rJier nse 11 do ym ..... ,---, n: 1ne . Pp~j Il"" ',t78 ,wentie ~ tion" of H"cl ,To:bn.-.on A r.-ric �I.? ; ,;_ d0velonment ahp. O'ltnut . wi tJ:i his r'O etj c "\It err r o Poetr:rr( l. q?? , 1931) ·ms nne of the hirr)l point s ~ the J no:"t"'nt f'o r r1ore th8n the ~ntrolo,~ of a ul c1 111 Jo(Tro II olern.en ts in "'ince Dunbcr . Tt W9S ~lso the ~ir3t ~ntho l o of Blac 1,.. cri-i--,j_cif'TI h"'s to bqrin •-rjt :ht t ,reen rlif"'"'rAnt the DO' -1--~ j n c uc1ed, r of oetry , r i t~on fro-A eri c an Ja1'l.es :1 ldon Tohnson . · ris5.ons of Jn"'lnson 1 s concern i,., the 2'7thol Ou • ri 0us in ot e d dj tinctions bA - di ~ E' id~1tifird e o t::, r 0 nr0rr.nt, U . the f'irst rust 0 ined effort on the n~rt cri J~j c to i d 0 nti-f::r the · "t the inds of di lectq ) nr! rrave 0 the .Ji '"'C - ,., ' s es s en ts of .,oble1 of dialect Jo~nron de cl~rer th t it -r,ossocs ed only t,v> e 1otfuo:rm--humor a nd pa t h os,_,'3tc 1"1 5 nn- rlro·:n , ch a :::tcte-rnrmt .,e..,ctjn- 15 ;TC"rs 7 ..,t0r , ~ alno nri" is<"u ed +,he fnllo"·n,,. cri"llpn ·e to ·~f't c f')1"'1'1 h 1 l,~~ '"' P"' t1~ 'oJs fro!'l 1-dt1"~ 0 10 ..•o sti 77 'old t'l.e r:,_ an b,r ;;;1nb0Jr f'ro.,,.., ··itho "util..,tion of +- 1~~, 1-I-; , nrl n · on1 nc i ati.on . 0 of voic:inc tli.e r!.eenes t rrd aJ J ow th0 'J::i do Pt nrrlj_sh snel· i.nf 1 f'si J f "vo·" ; o. form exnressinc· -she iriar-ery , rri.or ar.d n'"'thos , too , of tre c 1;C'ble J..,c': poC't3 : +hrt vrill e·;:press t1.e ., . . . cial "nirit ~ ·ril l out . ) J orin~ nn coJ~red noet ir, tho Lir,ited St . . . tes n ed s to do js +-'l.P i3 n0 ru ch s co rrinn-0 of oP-ro , but ~,ich wiJ <> l "o be "nd hi ;h"st Am0t:Lons '"'Pd 2s-,,i rations , Sl'D .i c c ts and -1--1-10 , idAst 0 c ope o t' tr<:'at ent. �It •ms a ,.,.i 7 9:nt:.:..c brothe:, J. 3 0 sa~ond, Tohrison also 79"7 , C,i:it tre, , rs rublirhPd jn A I ·= ---=: eJoct0d noerrs(:,t. P te-r , l"'lt f'0,,..T'"-i ;n -·_p O ; C"' ,c- ·, ...,_.,.1;,;, el"t~s ___an Ircic1"'rt ' ' -· y~ . Tntn·oT J.']0. riebl ,.,. " t- q.) \.- 1-01 ~ -•r n Al f' :::'r'Ol;f~c ,..~, by t-h0 time he as 'dJ hes 'l""'ection DP,.,. o.r, -1-1-c >'l" !1,..., "J. <'~ -~ 7 "r'l".,.'Y, P~'"' "'cl 5n ccn'lbine:tliona n ""to""lob-il ".Yl P "'C"irl nt 1938. T') r lr s f'o .,., ,., 1 q r ,. r c hop I"'lllch of h-" s o m c' ,,, lP-P""O ( 8(' , I .-, Ph0ve ~ or C1'1'.l. 1 'Il~ •r"s ~ , i~d~cnt0d by Jn~11.so:r1 ' s ovm 1?,efPce n "F e ( the r-ne8cr-erJ strodn the pi•ln5+; 11n " 'i ni< n th P:amut of hi~ •onc'e-r'rl vnjcp," a0 OTIC0 • m in rl-ij T lft ones r'n0 _ in rict,,Pl y fitl 'I") t ch~ 1iJ.1.,t j c:; r~ A · ves "PS •rery .,..hythr:d.c nance, ~ncl he bro1 (l'hti11.to rylay 01.c" - - hat "'ri Jl J sa_r?-- �o,...r~I'\ '1.0t of' on or a tru'Tlnet, b, t 1'.'nther of a tron1bone., the the -ricle "Yld v"-riod r"nrre 0f 0motions encornn"Rsed by the huni. n oi ce--nncl .ri t1' ...,.,,.eatr>r n1e"ded--he bl pred, hP crashed., hP tr,,,ndered. T sat f"scincted; eP1ntjonal effect - Thi,, scene C:ity. rile II th.nt he +-bEl p'Y' occurred "Cher t cl- urch U: ½nsnn ... t+-e"lded in r,..nsas p ae 7 iverinr:, Jnhn"'on recalled Tes str ttiY1[1' And ,.,..-- jott-ed II v.dn m note"' ~or "-1he 'Jre 0 ti on 11 • God ' s _:i,,,0P1bon0s co11.ta:Ps fron a te .xt i tre Rib ±noluc"e x 0, j, "Go Do m :>ea t:b - -A Fun ral Ser d1d 0 011, 11 IheCre--tion, 11 11 tr 11 + 11 ld 7 t fl~ 'l'he Proc'li 11'ql So-r , t thri r if"'l-t '"l0int 0:' t!" r"thnr ~ar n -er~f,.. trPn o ts. t} e:rr P r., '"' _. 'Y' 1l # Ch O f <.:.,.., the ~ 'rnson . to . . . . ,~J Y,(<'CrT1~• · <"'£'l"J.e was, ho• 00try--b,,t r0nE' 0f . P 1 021 J_ ,_, 'ii r To' "'1< o:r rp· noe-t 1""1."'t tY>"'nrcrnd th[lt f0rn. f,C'IlPr[>l 1y r,J--pt of' ~ jSe 1--np;u"n-e @P'1 • s ;;..- whitA AP1°"iCfln or Ln,-.J.isr:rnnn. Jb,t "'Oll doe c"r--!l']"t,c(ot "'.'lie is in"'"ji:J rrrcial f0eli"l'"':~'.,0ur.".'1PS oy P1:o· jnr· f'o-r' r 0ntnneit7,"', Buil<1ir. "li,_,r ,n re otiti')n, ancl or,,nloJT:icnr- free J npctCl t-nn T l{"l"l-inc<u ',p_llrpr\,rrnct Ster I 'r I r:a,:rn ~""c,•Jp r tente·~t--aJ tbo' ·'b 101 1a n1r>ced fl] 1 ro,:n "'; 1 J int r ol~tc bl "t['nt .;; rel i...,.io s 1 c· II �65 , ~ r(. '"'Yj n J_ v s, use ("es ~ into the tfx-1:; of the serons. It a B]ack r nd o the· r~s the fir"'t time ~ tic rl i om tr . . t 0-c h . . c T' n0t to !'le11ti0n fl r,):-,nj r inforentiaJ. Kn.Aeled d0 ill ~ I I DJ_r c' enin in trn durt It se TIS 0nl; n ,, -l:;,·r l thr1t ?nhn"'o11. J, ck 0 0 l +-1-)_ ,..Il t i S• II 0• .... .,- t 8 A"Tl ~ E'S 11 p "() l .... /'"" 11 ' ck 'he iP ris r- f, ce 11 ":1he · e r-ro tor r1 y i C1 , �'re old til'lle nre"r"ler 'rne nore thn 11 T 11 secrets ' tl:'9 i j - i'l1nato ,.,.,,..".lncti ln0110nco of tl-iei r oJ.d Afri c'"'n tonrue<=1I . 11 ...J2ecp~ ,li.e'""e 11 -1~0:ri,...11es ,, nd Bibl j cnl ] nntTU V,P~ - - "1 ''rntificd a :birrl-ily rlevo]oned "'rmce of s01na anci rl-iythrn i'l1. hi_-rn,.,eJ:!: '"nd hir ~Anr"'r>R. 11 r 1 hA~e tr •er0 the I ~and 41~.;;":~ rod ' s ---, ., ' :'rornbono s. D0 btl0ssly, t"l--ie voJ. •mc 1 iC" one of tl-i0 !"'0~t preci011s iri tl'R ro.,..i,-11s of' Afro-A'1Arjc--iD ff 1 "'e.rrions- -and yet thei_r of nl-if'tf'Vl.,., j""~ 1")0 anfin"t.;on PAt r ,1er nnd thPi r intuitive eT'lbr ci 0 nd fo71o·r" Q''J' 'lf'. ,..., e a t"'Pd.: ti. '1n of T,y-"\C1' in C, ISIAililiiJi!I~ D· •nb" o -r a 11 anrl : 11 r r r- ·o "'l ~ Ju, 1 n ' ,.. n, ;,... ( .., :irie ' ,-...,. _ c0 +re dPsec.,...,, :;-·')n of '::hri TJ.l"I' 'omrn:m:kmro"J.R Y\l:,W..•~- ICT'-""U\Y~•ff ·T":.iti11.r.' II ~~~~ to tl:iese nerson FPO can 'l b0r>e is h' rdlv a ~ undAr whicl-i Johnson J 2bored u ~ 'he 1] ac r c 1r "''l "11.ity Fit'1i-r f th -· r r ncl ,,.. -; te nT'cl r-- '1tl-iP.rs vW ~,... i"'"V s, to,vrAirA frn J, crn •ded hoat ( r(',riini cent of a "'J nve .,.. ; T>) ~nd or ~11cJ udj no- 0r 0 cri. ti ci 0 1"" o ,, i te 'l'lo~vi rs on . ., modern J iner . onte '"lS �1rhen hn wrot e iri 1 el 1, son +-el ~ 1 11 y:o : Iife f0r MA Rin 1t b~Pn no crystal stair. reco - For uri J e hotb r1en folk t:r•nuh:: do r "i th h i s uc;!.1.es fin,.,.er on tr, 11 pl·lse of th8 pPopJe . 11 - th \ vPrse ~0rn 5 n .Jo""J in, r isrouri , tn_an a rlozen bo')k~ 0 noet:ry, sevAr~.J vo1u.rnes of nrose and pla:rs , "nd s,...e:ri his 01.-m draT'lPS of hi,., rPr>1 ~ i_ n h cl b i i l."t r,~• cJ~rr, ~oAt . l ive •,r:it' "C 1 to 0nA o f t e fi7r:: [1,'l~ ..... ;,:, ,., ..., ro nn t r'Drl, n 0 !l rrH·, y, 1 0-n C 1' 0 C, i-> .,..,:,~ , "V lnno •rl-t "'8 (;'-t')n c0 nl1ti0~ ,., i p 1-;f' •iiilil~:L'-..,r,~---~~le 0f' hi f'Xi CO, l '\at._ "i:n.-i,'~P!l. rj,}1 r,-l- r • .,., P...., c e , "C' 007 a N,_ ) Y"'Oll.tl'S , e ..., 11 c- "' , "'fl( "cl- ') re+-l1-rp~ 1r• Tnhn -"p J... T ' ; 7 a ·'-Ja A to T j i e11 ' \ St t E'llt",X J. ~ jY1 )r-l•1nh-l..-, ~/,Jst O'lt i.n <1re0n11i c. tb Ganery Vi lJ !l ..,.e, :9lqnrs, i.:z:0 Qn • 0 1 -r Vor'•, 7v, 7_ef't ...,r , nrJ-r-in ..,TQ~j,-i'Yl 1"e9 -r.r tr.e ~•Ast Cc:1rt o:' co"ntry ~ :;:..;lill!"I 0n on iob<', 0n to l-ti i fy,ica . {(eturninP.ft s ?~nd bi rt1,fqy ncl TAnt to �. nuri.b "'r of va-riPd ox,,,...r; ,-.nce" (see l'he ~::i r- See j rntu-rned to tli.e ''"'hinp-tor, 1).C., ·r'l-i0,ro 11:ils '11otl1 r ir ·he J ournRl of tr e office of V "'• Carter fl,i. J i "tnrv• r-ir J/{ JJ., l\J P. 1t3rnss SY)ittoons") - . at the \J'rdrinn P,, r k a busbo_r('see ~ TT, ro'7d "r as__I "a11.ne.E_), ~~ l.'11."r;cn. filf!!lllllllll:' of and I chance to ., ,, eone of hiP noe~R to •nchel Lindsny--~hus o 8 o t e l J:(dril!!!!!IK~3f ·hes c::>reer tl,-r>o fh t'1e 11.eT,rspnpArs. H .,£-..!, of -noetry incl de ,.lie 'Jcar"IT <Jnes(l<)BA), F'ine ,,,, 7 othe~ 1 Jrprnat::i~-~cJ..t..at.ions(F'JJ , B.c.o±tshn-r>o ,-;,,,,;+-en.(Jo 2), .,'.be 1/resm Keen r :5.,,,, 0 -e_. QDd"'-r>( J. 0 l1-7,, Sol,--.cteo 1nemsi 70 59,, ont,..,re ... of a DreP"U ) fe1_>:>AC141°~1), As 1r r,..)UT' l'omf': o en, 1°' .3) , (a Jone Qro11 Is Lf' 9+; Sten,d.[ 7 oJ,.J)' .l:''iAld..5 0 ]? ooa« !:or Jpzz...(_Of-J_) rmd ~10(7 col];ect~( • ,,7 "'0 I }ilj()~ l .e__:,•~7rf i'Pv::✓ ~ ~ ~~<lqri) ! . ~ ;" - nn<l t1rn J;,..,a.rb· £Q""" of sort rtor;e~ ?n~ nov~la "",y:0.t.P~ (inc l ~:krie; c-·'-;o ie" f'-ro-n tl e .Tes-:o ~. s 1 1ple :110ri8s TT1_5ch ~~~;::;;;',f;::;;~f.:;~:=t} .. 8 1 er l :.,1P . . rin[·} ".:_ f Q l _, ( 1 , _i r n.: .::r,,tec'). -'·,r, . c'.:; 3 ) , . : :_""J.,,...._::-ri.o..n~J=e....::S~+.;:,.;,· i ':....rl:=e 8 cJso for yolm,.,. rearl :::>s ,.. s , e 1 J A,,,,,,y To 1·rn!Ll, I,;"lfi"'OY, I', - Snnclburn-, of suer T1.ho1n Tn8t 1--.e Y'" t'()l ld nrid s)<"Y)d 1,,1r0". spP'.'l.. 1<'.:,~l... Tl-to T{c l'RC, ,.. ... "Qj,,.,. :::i0~, "'Ci"J]y •. "f' l if' u,,.uidinv u ·res �(-.9 1T.; th c. . . , rlie l i.r. l'!C\, ~ credit ~or or.; .,..ritererti'?'1,...l • in chr-i-r..,tPr :"'( ..,,....,] d•Tin , f' i;hi '1 ff1'10Ur'l'h, ~ ~he r,...nctice ji' o-r r adina poetry to i.-.zz • ti.-r !'."i""l e 1 r n i:1 >"ivPn ~ arnonP' 0tl'ler jflzz rreats . And in~er-urcvinP" of Yf1l1 S1.C .--no ""'oetr 7'\ <"i~c• ssed 1 b13coP1.es a vertt1 "l back1 one of '17 ,,c'{ ar :1.itec~ol:"ics • or ('",<t=l"llnJ 0 , ,... o-f' ( rene,,tPdJ,r~.; "tf'Y).i_n>"j to +he r corr.f' 0fllr in 1 i 11 p"Y>n~e. of 9essie S..,,,ith to raf in rh:,·tl--.Yfl .., _ (..!., GArt·;,,...7"'T tre P -rrJ.8 -f\•s.;on o"' rt:rle 8.llr Or)irit C 0 , . , 0 r , • C he Po,. d ·n :l ,7 1 .;son , 7 •ndC\r"'t,..11.d tri s pail :: j Fo 11 C, lontp no E' t ;:;;-r t0,,,,p0_r"rv :.::._..-.;"O.:::._l ·r_•i G' tr...,ee st"ITli tic ear.n b]UPS 0 "'1 1-'o_ct,,.,y • .,.,,,..,icrJ y QY>-"rs : • u •'..,0s "' A di le~t(ry.,,,i""lc'l.Pi]-.r O' f J l '1. 1 "')1':l.Ct·lc,,~J:· o r;· book 1-iP ntiblir_P-d. ~uc• ~0rr e-rf" 0 t·ve n Redrii -r.r f'0cJ f', fri_c.,_r : •is 111u0s < Con - intn T'b n "'0r ), n0 tr ai~i.o~al - .,,.,.,,,en ve~re. ~ · ~~J.ACt,~·-•i!iii;!n is ~~·t or c- 0°n in nc'l f.,,,ee - vpr '1 �I I ve kno m ,,..; vers: of 'l.l1r-nn hJ ood iri h y srrJ h· ,....rmm flee C, veins . 11"1.?ri Jilre the rivers . . . . . . . . . . . .. I"'\ Y"I '1. • • r•· n 1'.;tr. Pl nc 1c ...o ::i 1;.lry e 110 1 t r t t· , K R f'nrj tun 1 ~ --;f,·e 7 J - " f D:iri....,,.,.s o.., 11_; c COT'I}"' . -n "v~i~r, c-tp.,r. on,...r-v • t-r : 8 t,,_,r0 J!:e l h t 'lf-lE)DG "nncj nt II 1 ;Y\("I" yr' 7 7 • pu into 11 'Poer,'' i'i-, f' i pot>t Pt to e"'ro , II to E>hout 7 c ritr -'-he/,~ 0 11 Jorer rt,,..nte 11 ":{, hlve::- f'orrr- by '<ro1:'"'l., or 1'.I)i'n-~r:.00 of l'"'c'~ life anc "l"'')bu.lt "~·--rc-!;r n D"'<lc'ly , 11 11 rnre be i a,.,il more s 1•c h ('VT'P-ri"'11ccs c? 7 J s +>or tr 0..e-.,.;_nE'!d c,tanz..,::: ; 4- i rc'I 1inrr to co e to +;' ~-h0 o rl\ '--, e i ne 'he Jine ren "tfl.eo. rA00n~ 0no- 1 ·i no m· ones. ,,r- '"'S "Or'"e • t-ri.« J"'Pd.;, :n fo-rA,_ ; .i.. • rq"' lV) -rl:Ih ictic �71 m. t-.v-, t.,,., ·ody, 1ri_07Pnce f'll.T'10r, Ot' Ir> coT'rppsr;on . y I'lc 0" u '1es i"' able nr,,..rs, "l"ck n'"',:>ty P.llC Pi('l'•t 7_-ife p½_-ite "'1.9n 1 r rn(l n·t l•enp u6 1i >9d . 'e roe i ~ si,ittoonr , - ~ ~ 0 -1-hA ,,..,_~l:J.Y ....:.,_ · O, "ilver tr r-! .., ..; ri ,.._, ' rj l , ; ~ Cl')Y'lt -' ri .,... r- t.,... " .l "·-f ,"' rmr::- i..,_ 11 h P 11 0 t l')f' 11. t n .., , 7 ! 0 .(' •1 7 ,,+t0. •1 'Tif-• s th fr, n.r : r"cia""', t..,, H' T)"r. l ,., /1,< 7 -: 8 .''rte "B' '"'tnrd h--Y 11 ·i., r"' i ct 0. ql:iich rE>.,,,.,'5r-or· ,ritri hir tl,-rnu I '1 c_.al ,,,,.,;ty, r~ce n-r>i(0(tl0 ,....,.1i. ti, <i -ifrir"''Yl ~· ntqq ~ 1 'Ch 8 C ,7 ~ All ().,.., c ffn7,r) , 0 t 0" '-tis �,,.f or Fork . oft Tn nt 8";"'0 _t<'..;c1dlell 18 f'Yld lJ,:,nc,Y :;,., tr Jn"IJ.9S hef. e c " l"' s ,T. "o r d A 7 l e n' s trffhe S0 C0 ..,;,(1n1n_ 1s Y"'DhE'l l 11 ~1ob il e dnnce . And C0 nb91:i 1 -17 p rhv+;hr1s Of ..., c r>"lC P. ,,,,,0 "9 7 8ck i 1Y')..,..,OVi88..tion, JI1 '1S c l ajr>'r; ~1-t t 'e~ waht r •10 ,..; ,.. . excit5 1" f-"l l 0d ... • ._, ~ s 8"''1 lifE' , c . . r tri c 'o de·· 1· • · •pr . .; t· p~ _I _ •nc1 r ~ - ~0 1 , 1 r '-vhi to ,,.., r - • "'! cl-iurn' rr '"U'c0 in ~ .--yd c0 7 J Zr tr" Y ;htfi '"'1d l a""raid ." C ,., ,...,h :ues · · c: PJ'.1d tr V led t'hro·· 'h"' 1 t n-.,- ~ · :icl-;: c c>n ')rl d . ct 11 n·i - i·~,"!'·,:;c-,:1~;""'.""1""."""-:',:":~~.,....."""='~---;;..L ~ .•~•--r.L!l::f-1-..; rp +- 1 1e,r CV>Cfltlvi ty rrhe':1. 1::>lcn~" • '1 11 A Jen ~ ~Vo f1'1'ld /.,b:•-.•~~~"'"""" n,t ·ru hnP .--1co T..J.,.,otn Y')Oetr;r "bon+- h e i11r (_ 11 t lP k n o 1 -rJ r-0re +-hnt :;hf'ir own Y'8"Prvoir of ::'1")ontrne~ to "'ice-"'ton or- rmnoy the • ck . r e nroduce::- . ; n Poetry -:,., n'h "s tr • '.) 3"' 0' d Ylf Off hr. 8nd hj 8 b"h ltpra"''" I Bl_"CYf" C"Yl talrp. rnti c,fncti on jn ,...z,c:t trbuc 1 the...:. p lei? ' { fJ. r 0' r 0011-l-;h e rv 1-, ,_ r pnclin~ "''oulclers �73 Jn an Prticlc jn ':'h~ latjnn ~ F' f' - ~ cloclnt'ed t 1--i" t t',9 11 voun1?:o r II dar'• .,.. sl{in11.t=>d r nl 'llf' s . "i ri cii v-i_ rcua 1 n_q ror,ncon I S c'1 n l } ro "rti, ts ... 0 11 f'11. .; r - ror ... , ant IJ/ll!J. P, . ' 1·0,,Jd e.xnrc8s T,'' If t=>.; t·wr ,....± Jnckr OY' Phi_ tes true t· ·t l1 ,.., ~,.., ,., ·h,,. c-n11rce or hj s na!Lvete. i.c: t ' i r 11 .........::.2_ t0y,i,yn-r _-, tn;neo a ~ . n.; ,,t he fee78 nr tr·" r q ln~ ,¥" Cl --R-,-,1;f-ilB 9- A •rid II rl 0 E'.,. '"1 C "d riot "" ·r 1.; n · 0... 11 ; c, .... 0 ll" +, r11 e. ,.., =n s~·c in E'l.,. ·9nr,", f ri,., " T() "Y'! ~1..,-e., • • nt; '17 0 c, • r 'r e -,.....xu.~ J clr l() n n ,..., •p t"'i '1 81"1 "I")() r' F t rC ,,.,e r "<T "' C"' (> ' -" ,...,.l -nP.d • c, rn )Pnf' rj '-1 [)11 '; to C, +-' 0 7Q C, cX 70 l:b.i c-o : <:'I on in A f' t l ] .c ,.. , II ni:-vA.,., ) hrtt r 1 . I �7' T ~r0 Jr', 1 nr]~n, Hrc di>1"", ,Tohr'"'n'"' bj o g,-,ah:y �.,. e , A' -r>o • Ana .i , f't ,.. r . .,...oA'-,-.y "'ceno is c nnot bo "n0.erstoorl. 'm1ess r:1_0 I""if'::'8llCP. r,q_rl ~~ .,1.,,..~!'l(""'T ec,tob j :r' 0 ( "'lt;"tfuon~ hefp'l"; ., 0 ~ lh,1,Th~11'14(/90J.-lr?J), ~ r-' ~ r ~ ~; 1.i. n~l ~;tt:;;) .- rae _.' ,:;_ 0Y1cp,, I\ C, t ,,.. nl 0'/0 7.. ~;;;-~J;)do7vp e,c mined. T)l-;"11~ of' tre Rs - , .,~. G9 ()l:- ) nm~, Gr,o ~011 ,1 '"" T ri~ on, ::) 0!1"1d Jeff'rA;r .-."tt'ef'f9oc.t) (17 { \U~ . y (!_'1 0 .s- ), eJene ,Johnc,onl\) cr,iy,~ lcl.Pe~, ,e"'i::. 17 -,-andnr( ono -1n1:.,Pi · • Otl'wr C"n bfl <'!i f'Y'\ 0 ~L 00tf' be ""Onti oned cit t:ho 0nd of t r"'ed -~~.,., wiriely alonr: a spec tr I'o n;r o E <, '1 e,n ,.~n 1 • o ~:i;it:::' r r-nc, 6pDortuni t7r _......__.!!l@i...fiiiilll~~ ; no 0"1S a "lr>U 0 -'-l- ri" ,..,_j t , r e '"'0ene 1 '"'. f 1 tl- 0 / rE:'erlor>1 fir .......... ,..,j ficrnce. ~c s of "'he C ri s ·· s cont::ai-ri"' ~} e bee-it; ron,..,e"ert i:;ion 0f ajor ~i,_.; of r~l..,t:: ve, d 'he i:1rrie'"'r"d froYll "' o"'e di.ff'e,,..ent cn.r>00rs o .... #1.:. C.-r0 7 inr Dusk(J'"'?7 ~ r" 'I\ 'er~Pt;:,.~t:r~o~-IYt# or_ • rt. f"Pn-" r ,-j l}pn ' "' cqn �ln O et r-,r O f ~'b f' e +- of ~he l~sscr ~novm n eteo Pre in00ts, 7 g71 in RaY\dall , s transit~ o o et,...y( 1969). lack ,._·"i , nc:IP.rson do es not 7 ist one of t e" e And 0nly res t ar- .,.., "ck A ,.,,he roetry • nnPC! tr0 FJ.r0rf\: a]l T"" of the I O poets ,8Y' d ryrac t; • cally :t1P. i rn a nf17 J ov0r T-rn book. i: of' e lorton series d I . ~ l'J.lll0 r '\_ • c:r P 7 on ri nc rlerJ. In "Frnnk ,I'' (~e fon,... d ,_, P.M S n S i Cl C, • oh .,,,... "C n+-0 r 7) ,., Y) ., en:.=iissanco 7 A"1 8Il ; and the TOI'l"le ,, rn ,,,; eo ,., T'Y ro c- cri +,j "':5neo the O"-'--r,-,.,./ ., C' 7 0 r r7 r,ri oets. ,,,. , .. ----- --:-- · ·h s .- a n r f'na 1 C! sance 11 cal 7 s A.TI<l. wn fll so secs cnnti.nuin qy, 11 r1 ien-nnd-exiJ II t:b11r1e fro1'Yl nnte"l'l s. the 1 ° 1 O I C". �3 <)3 t,., and D'h.P. s,, 1 a&o. ~ --.:aWI::nili t rio-r•e j 1:i:;1wo incl, .d0s ..., iE1t :::rw lfi -u,xn~~ Lo1Mmnvm~ n1.U""e...,ous 1,0 1ks , pa'l.T"rlets 8lld "'rticlcs.~·ii.__!i_.M.....,.!!IIJll!!ll!!lllll!!~:f"!:~•~ ~ . Yi s novAlS iYJ. ~ ( 7 S 31 ; ,. . . _f¼od -SPnds - - - -Su"'c'lRy -- - dra:rnriti zed 1 ' A 1ericP11. An_ ~n-~~ ~-"l"~<:_e t_~ o( - - Tl'ore tl qn 'JQ C0l ,ritJ:, ...,.l rios) , dA_n_~J}pn r"': Tl-ie _~ool- of Pr>rrtivrr.fll9 E-.9) , G-r,e,.,+- fi]nve ond_j, wor'rn iPveniJia, c ltu,., ef Tis rre 07')<""..; ..-.3 1 ~ Fi." 1 r 0t or nnt' o~2!"~r .,2~_ro Po0tEY__!o,,, '51 .1n0' Rnf'rerq(J 01 ,l ), · errro FolkJo-r,0(1()_5C f., et ~J. ur1r f' t n 2v - -------- ·r.,.,0 r - lea r0v0J f'or rr0y,e I YJ.r th.~ ?O 1-iistor y,-,, • e rorved "s tl ivereo·it i "Y"S~ ~ Dw ~ t-1- P f'nc1. Jib r rian 1ti"'r of ,r PArrona ~ s r'"' e..r ti-..ror~rovt ~~ c j i:~~~=:t; de0 - r 12 trir> -, ur::0 11 I 11 or 11 .e 11 o.c"en ' s ) ft111i1 Con,iteo Cu 1 "Us . " TTi'"' 0r en I s r.l p0,=,+-,rv ; 9 W,.~ . ;_,Ju..- �• ~ A co c~,,,. cnMf'nrt ar r,p al'l'lr)'•')_,,. '1"80° t1--c ~e~:r i of' f"MC 'l'00!'1f"r 10 -oe-1-s (> C' "C f'n 1 -1-() C, ~ont '"'"rf)r~, 11.o nl; 1 e n, 00ks U ,1' ; r "r ')rP.1"8 r c' , b a! -1- T)S •rri tfl r 1 ') -f' i lrl,..en II 1 f'eed on tJ-, .,,, . .;... C'/"'C C-n.,o l lP-11.t y +) .,. ,.,0 7 le 0 n C, "qllrc, of p. e 0f f' e11_7y that n J.-,ck ~ "a C R tj '1f.! l ,:,vf' ( 17nvf>'"' b .,,..o • m t o e ~ , de enonbJE' tr ( ition of' ~1 t ~ ·,t reco:;ri t.; nn or ; :r."' ,....cr--t ,,... 11 end~ co fo~t of' "'t"bi]i b t 1-1 0 S "nd 0r~·b•Ar, s t t'ft'Y) 0 n 11 "' i f'-y,..; cnn rveY-~ Jnl)nr "'Ld C0'1.Cl1•d,:-,.-. t at i t+er f'rui t. 11 i l 7 i"' 0 ia• V WO ld ri..stinn'ty nno tli.e . . ont€'\"'1'1""'"' 8 Y)O n7 so ~ an"4.f it the tas+e of sl v.,,, t' c d"'n.l"ct t:r~ct;t;on "'tjll bi+te,,.. on the-ir ton["le O'r'te'l1"' s does j u t thi.-. is 11 i.:rie lip.tnrn" 11hi.c C}')"'ely r 0 A:"l'l°bles Ct len'"' "!Ierit,, e 11 "' d ~ one1"'ln 11 "Pfl"V"' 11 0f' d8nce of ri:iin, ~ et u 11 reme 11 b-r>ed r"in, jun,,.7 e c-lryi, 11 11 11 M go b,., ck into t:hf'! d·• sk . po0 +-,s. T'k l .. e-•n,., / •dne"'"' are 1 Sf) re 11 the friendly p-l-,_ost," f.flE'!d dr,ms, ri f':"'i "', 11 11 10 ... nd then "'' t .;rr.t'"", .:r e,.,t 11 : ••• 'mbol s or .; "n.a,,.A 7 ent in . ., nc 1 •rri t' ..... C"". vi .; bi l . t �s a , • · rou-l:i the con~tri"1.t n-r•0ssure ( c. f ., C,.11 e11) to "'UCc0ed -!_:;he r..,ce, ontE:'mp'"' d conrentional ed ,- stro11, Vf•]o - ., 'f\.p,..,i-tn~ s 1.-:ith occPsirmal free - verc,e eY erj Proo :"lal l'lnd -,,o, erful, n sta ina(t is oetr . t l 00ks ahnrid to ontemns I T r o te:rre he ec12 ted) lC ( • icl - n.\,~l,,(l,,t~'-'f.1- , : P-j s r:,f' ~ Sterlin()' B,..,0, onte en1-;y,n7 +- ~"~A unt...,in 11 , st ,ry, o11r•J••-••rlil'r~tl. 1 "' -,ef"Y'O CarP M2_. Fo"t' "'' ½li~ 1 )~ 1 "or1rn Pee "11..c'{ ,lorld, XX(Sente!'.rber d 8r Lb 0 l n 7• 7.,... ., ,...__ "',..,ks- Robert • erlin' s cri tj cn.7 -~ntho 7 ory, A on"' ·tl+-h An()'e1_:.n2 Gri"rlke, Le·Jis _ " ....l·orr t ,_r·e A Tork car be Art' ur F. Da is I s Flro"'IJ. t:he lJP.rk To er, and rrhe_ 1·stinr lar h0 GoJ rrotha . b,..,ief reactions ~ i I ui.77 Crt.:"11.bJe T th irk it ·ri (ll? i f' f'-i .,.,oim in r rialect) exclai~ed by Sterlin~ ,:;, o~r~~~~;~n~t::e~M:'.:r-~p~, t; e 11 s us in "Go 7 ,,.o i":b. a One d.., a en+-..,t-ton/.. " ~on~ ·· 1 ,· ~ 0 ~ 7 ,, 7°' - 79. lexrlnd9r, Anne Spencer, Arna -•·•• ..... n_ .,....0.,_1., •. ·· "' rt t-:· e of' etA _- Sc, onterrps, �... Vecr Vor1, , ma "'l:11=1 i:tt•nded 2f8Cl-iers 'Jn1 erre, Col 11 mbin r....,iVfrf..;ty, +'or tro yeflrs ...... "'"t:?bl i::-h-; st11died in t,...e Fine Arts :!Jenr.,,.,t"'lAnt--tre oafte.,, A ' nc_:.. L a dual career as "l'")OE'}t ,.. r'l ortist . Sre lri~rr attrmded Pratt ;_ ~+-· tl te, t.auC",ht ~-'-[l ff' of Onn')rtun~_:trmxDU[:mq1111ll!.21l!m!m ,r11_ey,e SAvnrel of 11'"'.., n08Y'1S ri:>n ; er h9rfi11est ems ne rAcn l s depth of "'">.lack rori..,11. ood reven.led · n t;l-i.e no etry of Frances crp0r, r.-30,,-.n"-ia .Joh"lson !'.lnd An('"cJina "!rimlrf . 0 To A Dnrl! Girl" o eens." l-le r 0 cf11J the 1 ord nforn-ottAn 11 fro!I' "Sonp; 11 ; but it abounds i"l the sor,,,ow 1 s rnate 11 but if she foy,r•"'ts r er slaYe bec 1 r,....,-,0,,nd she tir.1.e and another ...,J ce -- f0r n~tural Afr·ica -- Y'PC' ,,,:K: Cfln stiJJ th rot r-;r-rn.t the"e 1"')0'11s �7 nootr reeE 11 y, 'J'i ~a. ti,,-, 2arn.e duality in her "sad l")eo....,1 t .so, l" nn.tred 11 is ohar:r nnrl_ st"inr;ine ri~o a d~rt of "inr;in~ s t~il are reminded of Ri dd1 E" of t1-ie Sn}:,-l .i; nx . n 'JI .•or C "r,sr ,. r.i 0 II • , r oeris on ~ c "To the Du ,._; P ' th~Me; i tr..e Fi "Y' dr. II cott D"'l ~ ne""s .,_ "n,..,y <, , lt L-o:r _ 11 -'-· ,., +-vo tirnrie t t ,T. Seo t t, tho V01TS to 11 f'bandon 11 -1,.,t>self to i11 "n e f'.Po rt to th t of Arna and endurnnce . AcadeY11y -1 n l' v0 id theA 1 onto~~s fince it is deep 'nd f ows from tr?ilition, stslllin om in n-..;.skcP-ee Instit'l.te, Alnbarna , , ru .t!;nr.-J and 'nd t' en t:3ur·ht three yen re, the fanio s at / D ~ber ~ she ell ef'ley C0 ll e,,.e , • fter i('"h ::i cho0l ir 0 ttBndcn nr".ldford Ph ich sh.0 Ji:, "Dinr--r,')n , D . C. Accor~ .; n~ 0rco-rti ve and �l ~ r o not 1'"'c'- 1',. · '- o ,:--f\disnJay ..r, 1 • 7 -~ .P-+-" Or R ~1~~ 1T'O.,,.., • , 7 7. ,_ '"'On, •+v ieo A fl] . O"t n. 7· a,~~ pro"erit i"l +heir S• to h;m. rJlris 11rrtic1,1ar asnect of' ~~1 0 try r-iv~c ri"'0 tor- ch "nAcu atinn cl,. p<'] "ince noer.,s devoid of r..,ciaJ or nti..r.; c flavo,.., t"'ko on s· ·nj f'ica:rice nren :O. rwa " 1, o 1 on ~.s. Du'1ois , ur i te 0 ). 11 ·L':r,o irank 'orne, t did not r uhl is:b a bool~ ) Colle e of the City of 0octo,.., of Optome bry. ~orne Trornc, 11 -roes ,sse"' Jnrleed ~rorne is 1 i ne s "nd ~ 0 c"'r-rj t}v=• ~ orked ir Chjc8ryo ,thPntic rj +>t of ontry," Pccorcli:Dr- ~o Tarnes cf"'l, c'rnT'tic..,l, rr" e-.,, eii "Drl .-.7,,,.,o""t b"re i , his ~hot>t conori c 1" n ;ue. ~c. "Joe co r">ue of hi i;!i!a Y•y rnv"' 7 ve s ~ot rd ost o+' CPll vie ti..., l'!" s it , nciortj fi c inr,uiry adanted to tho n0t' s r,"e,,ti'1Y'line:, r . . cial iri 1 ,c,tico, �9. ~nd v-;ctnry as fact or idea. - --- · ----- 1 ";1Diba1, OtreJJ.o, Cri"'r. s Attucrs, ' and ~dcs 4 fo"', s ~ 11.erir· rte end. 11 - t~rlinf r- ·tE'r t;or, .-,n-1-icipatin: 0 " 11 TQ -f-h,.._ OAtn ' ,,,_,,,,,.,,,,,,,.,,. 111..-'I, "Scotts' oro, .,..,8Cfl 71 S fl I1 t II, e led 1~o"'t:1n'1.ri s" i11.to the e ' e; ·vi ""r dj d ye 7 acber, rr ·c,,.l,r ,,.,... ; tre ,,n e nl di"' POY'l d but ,.,.; ve Jesl" • !'1.8 o VA 1 ; ri,..,. tinn .J d 1 ri n fl c,-•n inr- j.,... O' II nrn0. 1 r ~'10.c",..,.e of sc·iE'nce 'A \J!,,r.-S:J:J:;;.f s a !Cl ~ csODC"S o trt ta i_.,... R for C!"'IYJTrf'rl. r-1-s ort I"' l'-c~ide or.hPr r.oetR for "'ir~inr, rne C9..D. ' Overt re, r-., ~~ or.l ; Sonl'l''r. ii ) 0U"'"aint I 11 'Tlo II V.:W.n . " ·vo, tt~i.,e P.X e -t- ;PE'"' t l 1 Q t e r ti e ; ,. . -· n VO 1 E' d i n ''nriJ,r of ber. T T() ,,. <'l 1 ~r E' - 11 A ,..rr ; '-, Ce 0.,... • A to tl o al tr:P" -1-ri'l'l' a nd 1:1-len ,, d.ri . . . i , 0-f' " 0 II 0 -.,,. .... c nn.c1 ""o l" 7 a TT-• r) i (' t 1 ,.; t 'Y"r\. 1t G,. • r 0 nc b• lo~y nd 0 ite _..,.,u ...,::.c/ .,...7 ~ . . , , "'· 11 ;..,_ •• 11 o <..: -rolin"' (;,.,•,.,7• s 1-iis 1 A ,rrs ·f' )"' "C' t") ; ~ ..., ,., II C'lY) cl h1 ,')8 -fir, T * ,,.. • 7 i f'e .. II () II 0. ~r,letl in .,,.. .., ..., "' re 7 -1- p r., .: ~ 1~ II -r>ec It ; .., 7 .n .1- f' i 1n tl 4 c +i "I' Tr,..,, ~ r....,, n-P -1- ..., l..'), t":'\ "'0 r.t- -1-1- 0 ", e -r tb,..J 7 in ,,.,ao '1 1 ~ ()l .,,; Y1() n. '() J II i n.,,t...,,.,ce"' t.re ne-'· CY')<"' ' i ('T' "Ad -1-:· "Y' ' " V ; C, tn1tfi{\ · .<''(V'lj' 1.;n0, r, " n ,-.-'- 11,:,-jr,nn rr -1-'~e n ; tn r:,..,n-1-·i.,., jr-rr ' . n/:1 II !'.'l co r 1--'- on 1 �JO 1 AQ].. i"' t q'10 "body, oAt-r>"<T AVE''YJ. t 0 1 ,h i::: solely i.n ~ 1 • • bl Y one,..,"ces 1-nvpr~n rJ..7 t - 7· ')l" ! f Gh8 ppnc,0n °ddre"' ed hR."' 11 i::irid, 11 p J (? 7 ve 1 s. ti~c"l"l'l n 4;r 'Pho-nn" "'O"l. "T)"r"e, hie J.--,-i 1::i.n-e ".'o '"' .l:'ers1· _ n. . f'te....,t . < rords th;_~ovrh 8tic c0"'lr,etitdi.on; 1rJu,ncr>d nt,,-npd rn,..,r..,.e Le0.-irrd ni II c'1nplicntinn- 11 th"' riem15nn- of ..-rguPge '"ld flctinn of' 'Y"lel0d7,-r :;hr:it c Rll 0 f,-,Ae-v('rse ~ orne it w"s tl18 1 o·..,.,e, le:r .~ oct 1.·ho lived or.Jy J0 a.e re co rrni ti 01'1 b8fo re hi ~ QA"t'i' ),,') rever, for 11..: s ~~ e octy" 1·on f; rst pr; ze ir is oeY!ls " a ~A"red in ""'O r ti rnA, a trodi :;; on!CI 7 theme ~ ------ r · :be I.yr· c West. 'l 11 rn ; "' "'tq+-e - iri<1e uoetry n J-: ] ' t , lo j od rn A 10r:i.c" . ~ enu,, "-~n('l" Blq c 1{ s1lf"f8r nr n'ietry'p 8 . 0 0 r' 1 "' ::cj_i-w1('p) r t e c -r>0 10 ' s. ,-7 j onl-:,r remote 7 "<T ',i . . n.,,,iv tP "'l P,(i 11cn:;ion, 0 C ' ;Tl1ich "?f' 0uit.e eytPn"ive, F s +- c'l ~~~~~~~ , r"' 1 Pd ts..: tarPft~ j-n r,on - �] l • r in ent · es 'nd th.; r'-j "'S. ,...i......-.-~~ ·w's n1blirhed Y"lt"'i.c; ard nhi~_0ek . 11 e 11om...,-i5 10 ~ ~t:::::::;=;:;:::::=~'-" S0p - 1 b0dier 'nc Pnrl ·r.,...eaJ im"c-ec, "ncl C" ol'l"nn -- s l i'l"l- fi th PI'10 "".,,..ii,1-,e-t.... '!!I!_, £ ~ - of [" vi_r,rr lo"'t I ' Trr'")"'r ' s Prznrr Gnod AripoP-~iat,.ra 11 - - e ··1iu'"ical teT""l'l -- rl tovorinP- roe:rn f\ 11 of' 11 in Y1 : C, · sons bet·peerm ro· inds of ,; c fnllsE''~1:2_!1-P- 1•p Ji- i +:E>..,., . ..r,r'~ IJ.~ ,.__r 1 o·r . a C, ti natc v ·ercd- P~te-•• - tr .:nr1: • • • II or 9()TI8'.:;hinP' "''i"t'.1€'~Il0 ,, ..... ,,.,,~,.c'lf'"' .• 7 h ~- 'l"\f"Ptry . _q~rpc, I A 1" ck C"' nP r..,., •,y,t..:,.,1.f' A.fr:ic2 ,.,.,,.. ~-""P 7 0" / -- 1 rit-:,r lqY"IPYJ.t-"'a. bY ot1~.,.., rnnn;rsf!nce T)0ntr, 11 ·~e...-edi<'4:i5on e u 1 () ny, tr p not,-.,« -+;y,~d nr tl1.rt t0 tr0 ,,•-1; '"'lnPt 1 :- ft <ie" 11 1•icsf Rj,~ i cs ~ U8S f' T t. 11 • <t:..:i ot bear/t; 7 <1 "l"f'"'sed t-· " nn"'.,.,• i1 ,.,,,,,~Fr forI'" • tle Y')()(}~ ';ho c:npp 1•0r fw-1 c;_U-U . "lnrio i:iftnr \Jia •- 0,r0d wr1M.l i:;J nef.,,...._- . ,-70c- 1 If 8nd <;OllVf'.,._t..:,-,n,:il r.-ictq E'"'l ; ) ('. 0 0t-i onpJ P0~ J - h"'in ·, bPt i'or the t'"n"~•1t of 1 is ca 'E.'f'mience" r :t ~, 11 ''Poet 11 Rri<l 11 Pr,.,.sci0--ct'" 'l"'J. l e r' jpsl., s: e tnA 1· i te" 11. mot of'" f',.,p.e - vrr~e ,..,Af' 1 ~i,11~11: rr1Q 'cc ·":a;ts • l(Jott'tro:i -Tenr-cr::v:)n "'roo '{) p,-.i tes rJi th a:i le<""o.,,,i cpJ e l ert "'nee . us ,·ork is deenly ..,.,e 7 ip-ious; 1',,·-; j_t .;s rot """'-~r-1:>olJ.srn .-nd 4:;:-J es C11.r-i ti:_m ,..,,r C' jt i,D ,,.1,r Q Cfl'1.Ylf'd r,.... j lio-~ 0 snr-ss . for "She n 7 nc.1~ C 1ure . e ~ Til•e A.,_H cYr1y, T'P l ; ,... ' n" C di[' Jo c"o'lbt as to i t 0 ' n.:;P1t . I',,.0i .....'11+8i' uith l:>oth ho e 8nd r'h11bt, 1,-i·'.:;h "my enre l 11 1 11 le,.,.f1ir �from the s~ ouJ, ers of Blr c1~ A eri c"ns. But the an e1, 11 1 All ni h+;, j t s ".nabl e to 1 i ond "'5Dce ho str>1, rr led 1 T c"fer. • • • Careful y l'nd stnr~l:in,,.ly, '<-roolrs ves in th reJati~rely ne'\· BJ.ace toqords poetic t!'.le,.,,_e of inaif ere c (ana 'tiistrl'f't of) Christ:.i" i ty . 11 ln ck necAssi ty" j s 11r2t trie an ere interv nes on behalf of ; but r.d'ter the all ni ht C"true;,....le, he ne"rilv fl-lee off the nArr tor T hs leavin "th 0 S 2 · i' no et'l, one Fh i ch b "tP t other ~roo~s niec s . bi c tri etnr, "nd 1 sin,.,. fix-1 ·ned rt 0 "lzas , tetrnTieter "nd i 1 a:1 excitin ical tee roo·cs ent v 8Cl:d rith an 8 b c b rn.s born i 11 a b rhyme sel er:ie , "tAve n·d 7.e s 0 e was 1 1 uhen oney 0 •rent ~n T"'clm.on Jnl 7 e e for fo1 1 r on hs h"1.s ntio11.r1 11cnn hP- tny d in hir "'"' of' it nd '-.if' 0 +;y, is lni.ys ·rel - rnfted. c rr 0n "'t-,., to be.,. l • 7 eel in ct:i Oll • t ·· v tion of 0 i, an rf'n. e 'Bo cl. t "" 1-i_e J...'1"' i (if\"' P, f' 0 vl• r TIO d , r,,.,~1'··'1""l o ,_,,_er .p. al J t ·o ~Tn:r,en Y'( .,.I, p. "'T ""\A"' hereoe U"'t: e ir 7,...C,.. 0 -i-r:r • .I, f; 1 en 1t e 1 I' C' s nt , j f n �J co""lte nr)r' r-:,r noot, rd s eJer•:rr on Jc'b 11.d P"t~P,rso'lli:, prAsP.n-i:f( P ri'Y11i]R"" "'i-1- 1,-t-;-ion ;n 'l"yr aeqt· of'· r2. ~ <>rt·n Tuthet' 1 in,,. Sr. ( ~71 nhinr-s bid , 11 Se terrb8r, --Jess, c uci~ied? '-fricA.n · sl"ls and thP A-rreric:"n Chr" s ti anit , £"X">")ff"'"; S1{epti.ci2'Y"l "-rc'l c-rn·~ are rP .re r>f i1'1. -- 2c'I- ieves ti ninr: the S'1ldj ""r 1 "" d .,,., th to t'-.e C')f>'Y'O rR. 0 s- -:c-nti 011.ce of ,.. 7 very, r,~f,i/,...-.ii,••~i4-f•. fP.sus r "7 0 7 "1T Cl"ic.:.ficcl? ; n<:1 tj "" 0 mn Dorlsrm ' s 1 11 l'lrl.0Dt 11 --"nd re at inf p acP - Il"'l11P.S of · nort nce . 0 Te a:1!!!!!l"'!'t--- er;tab1 ·""-.es .,_ r·nd ni"'rt -r>"'7_;):/'na n0 t 11e "Gprden" bRttl rrou-11.d ,..,1...,. ertj 81'.lc --"l on of e ri.sinr,. 2et the stc cr0 -Por ,,.,,..tly +;re n"r,,a+-ion I f-,,ee-VAl"ne ~ i s ciet 0ff~t"l · cs -f'or t. ose "'ectione ~-;. occt1r in e thP t, , Hi:'.1. u'bich ~~nd. :=:.roo{s is C'"'.,,tf'inly 17ortl-i "'11-1c'I-\ 0rP st-;ud • J n ene T0hso'1 .J..., .L. (°'"'\ bP co :l:ecten. PO t. 0rr, Q-r in d "'°'7; 'r'or J-;on, "'1- nd i'l'l n'1P'Y>e r>, 'ho0 1 {~ fo rr'1 ·b (!Yid ~o~~~+___...._1...._~~......-oi.: "'be a+-tp,n(Pd locnl r- ·'hlic !!"!:±1 1 Bivir;on o~ C07u•b5.a Tn;vP.rrity "nd~ cl"\me nne of tl-i fir 1ref' of the l:'rJcr'l Ro 1 P5f'r"nco. ; ortant e 7 Pne .rohn son nort,11.t "your 0r 11 Ter noeT11S ·-J0...,e m l>Jif"l ed in terr"', e"nr-1.,.,,tic "nd dive.r"'e il'l f'or. .... , st-.:Tle And 7 "11.,.u1:1.,.,. • ~r0 i"' at rorie p; th'1Non.,,@t, free-~re. rs e, c ..nv"n t · on:=, J ,..,: "'T'1J.e ,..,i ec "'e, or 1ri. th TT, "t n.mf'l c:i • le 7 d'">n �14 roi--ns 0 n cf'l 7 s 11 cnl loo i.al styJ e--o st,r e ''hich r.u.,,.,b:er e'"'s noets this ne" a,·A[ 197~9;,9] have as~uJ11ed to be e::i...,~r. n ( he tril''inr, t ~ e t s of the current nn e:rn 11 ne": nC1'e 11 Tol-rnson sounds ::-s if (J nt;0-J97i.;. t}.) And ,Tohnson rri t ten i,... tho 1 h0 r:i nt ]110:i t +1- crow::' nmetir•1e!" neacocl ish) dre<'S ~ · 1 r1 i +-,,.. s " ro c ,....., r s , i ~ .,,o 1 i 1 o "r [> r:u, ,, " tenc1 in~ nf' l.tl(' "'l."11 ir, !i I rbi-1-;f> c0 77 "Y) d .; n''YJC)'J'."f' t0J d to I\ i,.. ' ::.:'' . carries H!"O Bi A l_e. I ') ("\ nn n1 r to t:he rirlcll +;n 11 d '1.ce ·' h" c011l A ·')f' c:'}"'1"-;'")(> ,l'J 7 nn, ... 0 n ne 1' -- s,'t0 ·1~ Te 'an+;ecl d no~ +;hrop off +;' P cJ oaR ni' \ A" t rn Prl"r." ~ i ,,u, aral11: ~,'1ey1e :ir 'Sonnr-t to A MJ@ l'-"1 :JrnC"J" 11 0 ('1'.,0 :i_r- "E-r10r1 11 ~ ~<1.0.ocns of T'l00I'1S i-r. T.ri O (8rr1 reca•l:in ,.,,.."-;c,r-ory), 0 h8 �nn-""o ,J dP-"'iiCt"' -\:;hP ~!!1!'11!!!1!'!"' ,_ o thP. · s no t e.,..,nj,...on:'P,,,t ; ..... b(dnr· l)fl"'ITCr olo; or ""he •rich PP ] T --nd rP ~[';i')1 1 s So'TT'e~1ou, -!-;he ~~ ~ ~lfJ . T <> TI'"'-r>t l<>c'r '"'nd inf exibJe t~ou ht . A, p [' C { • tr f") C, / i,,, '1 i s ~ t=i r b n ri " / e o1_ft--o>n y') , de..,'!")i efe; ;s o½..:..,::-1n:r sePrr"' to is the an"' f0r e,.._sy one ~. "P. <'1'"'i r i """' r; . . 'Y' ,-.._-r>o B:lti C - ''tfot - ed, • r tf~P. l"') nl • nd c"h y,i c .• ~1 ll er <lrpn Pd fit to f'V T r-1 C iJ1 11 .,.., nri ~rd n - . . rn] terp h"'d~ f-.1· n"',, . 'I t'ri "llr' tho/ li."T'"', e"tion ; T' ,r ,..,od ic, f'V~d nt al so 'hj S bC'cories ; rfJ_-- - c· [) >'l CJ.. er o ,:, 01- f\•::Nl r'"' r,r , rorrRr · 1 C0"1.CrAte I\. ad and n ther s . A "r0-·n rr con · c r t: o Pt;, 0 r 1 t P 7 ()')() t ,.. • "lento't"1 Q"Y> ~ 1-l,c, �brick. ti.rrss TI ,,,----...._ ..,..•o iiilt r-ind -· :i3lack lyini t hRt ;"'l ,.,..., C' cu 7 tv °1:l-i he~ 1-ig i f "nd"'rrri neo, ~lrn: ·e1 r.,ne ,Tohnron scer1s to m~'ke Road" 0 811 u'1P,..,e ...,..,. phe linlrs in rind Sinr 11 Sun, 1t -rndo er ·-,,..,; 11 L1rod1en beauty, n is P ti 7 J their fi -~t. C f'Ild ., 'Pntrm ,Tnhnson I II fl 11 ri E'. ' 1 Reri 4 ni scent C1'i -· JdrBn o+' +- P, sj~A cclvises lier ne0nle to Rise to ~w ~, OilP ')ri . in,.,. '"oloen, f'ni l J ·.nrr crv ! P,]1-ieoJ ' . to the noA b ry of n y,-i Il'l' -rn},Yl CU)"!') Is r 1 : i_ <::! -TO (\,11.e: t' - , r,({_!"J onr f' i i •i. th 1 8 r, ~-n 7 an l' p T ,, hes "''1(1 .C.c •p E''td +-J--. "-1"'1'3, u0rd $i l.vn... 0 l_ on, :'.). C. 1s1c 1 •11E=>re 0 Bonton Co~Pe -vnto,..,y of f' ~ ~,,sic rmo. in 'lol'i'J.e ~ T½P tFins h"d si"ili.J.2r ;.,,_+,er "'ts::Glll!!!!K J ,,... hAJ d Sec "'o :--- 11 o"'{C8~ t::i.onal urorniso . T"··c0lri ts ~ ( "ey, c.Cf~ .! ver"J f P,'"'"TI.S +-~ TTn~v-rf'·H:;-.•11 1--tes, farin0 1s beinr 1r, p:ns 11 uon en =" :Jame 9 Ueldon Jo1'n~on s+,"ted th t Onnortvnity vork re rtt ended 11 ~ ·:o, ever Curey nAve,.., bPcn-1T.e a prol.; fie ~ n0.ts .. ,.-'1.Ps, J'J~l ) .,nr' .,.inc ln -c-d~versi-1.;,r cH. rrJ ...,rl'CP, Jy, 4 r·,,..+;, 10,.,, ) . 'ur es C"l;ed ~"r.co n . 7, CC' of bec:q1ty 8l'in the to "l-ia re bPer cnr.,,.,ect. A..I,,,,..r:r -roA";j c idPnl (-4,.rr >-c p,re . ~ · · ·.~-t.; -r r-t,·rocl epl cnl_J e-o .pol. . ,.. TIOC't. II anc'l G-i 1f a1( ~ T.5.nc,,ln. Sco~;t- eron r re "s ,..,-r1J~r Pilt of �7 6TJJ a foll'sy note. 'l'1 1P,,,C is a.lso cynici'"'M ;,, F ~t0"l Jn·,.., ofte11 u 0 e8 and 0 Ic 8.Y, S'"\n 'r\l~in, .1-r"'P B ria ffi['>"P7,i:re 0 '1Tl.c' c-"A' civ.:: liz,.tior1. -ir. r,,..,() e~'"' 1 rd ove. -1-· ,.,::h '2 ·"" r0od to .,..., 0 J,,. clr 'Phni8' 1 orne. ,...--..,. ♦ C11ne"'r. ' r.: ,,,.,; s} nnPm (C,-,po): th9y rJl see 1;;: to be nies ru1d coricat1 res tl-ieir li 11 rn'"'ni ty. C1·ne:-_r.~-·1oman Has no r.:;1 a rk'\jor ve· ic1E'. hieo ., o Tn·p:H··os 11 --n'-,-':c ••(")'1'1 e noet:.c trel"'Je of :-~e ncnf'ieo~ance: ~•1,.t 'Plack - v:._ ty , 1~ " qrtho:J0 ;~" ')-" th.0 ti.PS. bP~uty Jen cli rr-ct follr "T)Gech "'S Ol r - 'IlQ c,, ~'•eptici 0 m of,__ "11d 0 t;hp TT,, mchle in/? "Orld th!"1t def'-: :gur 0I"\J. 1-iou be~ut·r ~ e is. - rt civ; 7 5zRt.::0n corrodes the idAn of trees Pnd natura]ness !IC "1c,• f'" ·1 X:J• nn , 'I 1 ~, .. funJ 0 nd, nd "D,,stx") �n,,"1.1,F-,, ~ "'rr! ~cl'."J.r:ii-ns"' c'10rnin""7t th "1'1.C ..:.,.,_ c1q,r l I'Y" 11 .1.'1 o D !"It'-. P€>df -rontr7r ]"cl 11 "n+-jl trjf VArJ l tJj. ~ ~-o;.,.-:nrs; T'l"n "'t=mcl"' '; tin f-'.,...o,.., his b,...d . '1'1' ' " prn:r:.r("' r,n"f' ~ ninnt h-i"' n; 1 1 • c0nt--:PUA ~r :tine,(fri a ""'00 !C!CC",-.S"' <:lP~V o r c , ~ f' tr . : nl , de 0 th 5s iriinE'nt , ,r,,nr'rps I OS t pl J thAy "fJV r hn d. A s;mil~ii" p rado;r ""ln jr0n~ ,.;- is contninAd in 11 -y Torc1, hat,, ",-..,.-,ninl"" 11 "'B lr-i ck 11 '1he..,,o t;",10 r.,.,ea 1·0.,.. is ncetr:itj_ c ~ Tohn"'on I s J f :rri e s. Adrd ttj 11"' ~ to the '' C1rie7,r [l_ Of T)nEPl --: :: f 0 ,-.a_ a thnt 11 Pj P-htinr, j s Fron,.,., 11 the S"'e '·er 0 -recall s John"'0-r 1 s fent iP lrod 1 f' r-iror,l'ones Prpy,e 'rod ir 1·1ron0d to "riamrriy . " flh8 defe"t of "'rhi tf' 11 Jiri :-"0TQQi'0 .. ] ,, t, 01::---Anoi-hf'r il"lro ~tc•1tRCr;r-VA'lJOl1G ,-,,, de un Ao fb linP'"' or 0n"' - t11.,,,oe f')""lf1C! ~ Y>OU'"'~ t}:,e 1J'Ce _,_, Qf' c,,n,,,..,rfc ir ~ 11 C11.8r 'cif"l iP ,.,.ivPn CY'edit ~o ,,, ,rj tA ~ •ro.,..,ls "ilc' ~ T'8~'1 .; " f'f' ,,,e- zin IT Y)'·10n" i c rende .; n s �19 ~ •1::-o Lwri.s A.7exe.ndPr "-h0hant""rnt 11 1.rhic1 P. "Y)" entJy~ wants ,,,--.._ to "S 0P1hodie", ,..,,.~in, tre 'lir+.en" +-l,r>"l"IP. of' cW)- m:• +-.o his he eYn~.; c nnd bPeutif11 r-" ri n,.,. "A f'rican Tn £-art II t o ,,,.atlic-ine 0".Y'cer ~s nJccP.d in reliP:' "C"'ajnf't "S 1--ie ",,.otf'3"'tque Pye:ria-f~ced onstn!' 11 who(seeninn; to ~ ep,..,oi:,en.t 1hit0 . . ) is dri en brcl,. il"lto h·is oV/rl f'e"r ard t1.e +,pe "ilderne::s" by ~ E' e 71 cac,t 011. r~rn by tl~e J""edicine nd fN t 1r-C> s rosolnti on orid t11.,,, b:lack bodv rtou d::mcPs ,.ri -sh"deJ j r,htn as celebr1ct~d D mb...,.,,. i n-r, "nd Ptt8nded .A E) d 7 Ji in+-e,,.A"'t::-¥ nflr" E'll\.tl'ose of Cu...11.e-;,r ci -i.dirin- t1-1 ~()P]'} xu f'YlA'1']_1''8 , nil c-xner~.,.,,,..nV:.il A 1 exr> Pd A-Y, ' s o,,rird ,,.vii ri: ..,l:'it,~... ,. fus Tl... ..., t tPC'1'1'l7 C'll11"::' .!.X'"t"") no~- . on Of ,_ of -r,1 P d Jef..,r(-1-.r rf'r>Pi ss 0 nce C""1 1),; frwnd in MAP.~!'P Bl .-c1- ~Y).[>to.,.,,.,r fn11nd in II l, 0 0'1 "r·, r cl CU 11d r D~rer 11 'Y'< fl'Y>() t.'be oriJler r-.re-lir'a yiverinr- or �'-; ni r.i J 1 en..., II •SC~ l "nd nve rl ay 1 f 0 1 .~ <)C"Ur ird2.r,,. . 1 •' . 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'7 r~ 7 !IJS ( 7 7 7 1 • • C, 7 --------- ' ' 7 7 of' h." + ---- ------ ., 1· A T r s: ·------ 0 sd)": 01 T • I n r T 7 ,, {r r ""~ 7 7 • , r • I . f"' . 7 7 I r> ... <" -~ Bro r""' ....) 1 I ' ·--------· .,, ' l-• p,. '"' . l . ' .. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eugene B. Redmond Digital Collection Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context EBRWritings_07_31 Title A name given to the resource Draft of Drumvoices: The Mission of Afro-American Poetry: A Critical History, Chapter V. A Long Ways from Home Relation A related resource Eugene B. Redmond Digital Collection Language A language of the resource English Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For digital rights and permissions, see <a href="https://www.siue.edu/lovejoy-library/about/policies.shtml">https://www.siue.edu/lovejoy-library/about/policies.shtml</a> or contact <a href="mailto:library@siue.edu">library@siue.edu</a> for direct inquiries. In copyright. <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Redmond, Eugene B. Description An account of the resource Draft of Drumvoices: The Mission of Afro-American Poetry: A Critical History, Chapter V. A Long Ways from Home with an overview and several inserts. Pages numbers begin to repeat after p. 74.